A paper-based survey was conducted from 2015 to 2017 among stakeholders of the Texas rice industry on current weed management challenges and factors influencing management decisions. A total of 108 survey questionnaires were completed by stakeholders at the rice Cooperative Extension meetings conducted in the rice-growing counties of Texas. In addition, late-season field surveys were conducted prior to harvest in 2015 and 2016 across the rice-growing counties to understand dominant weed escapes occurring in rice fields. Results from the questionnaire survey revealed that rice–fallow–rice was the most common rotation practiced in Texas rice production. Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus spp. were the top three problematic weed issues faced by the respondents. Among the Leptochloa species, Nealley’s sprangletop, a relatively new species in rice fields, was indicated as an emerging concern. Clomazone was the most frequently used PRE herbicide, whereas quinclorac, propanil, imazethapyr, and cyhalofop were the popular POST herbicides. Most respondents (72%) made weed-control decisions on the basis of economic thresholds, whereas 63% made decisions on the basis of weed problems from previous years. Most respondents (88%) expressed moderate to high concern for herbicide-resistant weeds in their operations. Strategies to manage herbicide-resistant weeds and economical weed management practices were among the top suggested research needs. The field survey revealed that jungle rice, Nealley’s sprangletop, and hemp sesbania were the top three late-season weed escapes in rice production in Texas, with frequencies of occurrence of 28%, 19%, and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, average field area infested by a species was the greatest for jungle rice (13%), followed by hemp sesbania (11%) and weedy rice (11%). Findings from the stakeholder and field surveys help direct future research and outreach efforts for sustainable weed management in Texas rice.

中文翻译：

---

关于德克萨斯州水稻生产中杂草问题和研究需求的利益相关者和实地调查

2015 年至 2017 年，在德克萨斯稻米行业的利益相关者中进行了一项纸质调查，调查当前杂草管理面临的挑战和影响管理决策的因素。在德克萨斯州水稻种植县举行的水稻合作推广会议上，利益相关者共完成了 108 份调查问卷。此外，在 2015 年和 2016 年收获前，对水稻种植县进行了晚季田间调查，以了解稻田中发生的主要杂草逃逸情况。问卷调查结果显示，水稻-休耕-水稻是德克萨斯水稻生产中最常见的轮作方式。稗草种，千金子种，和香附spp. 是受访者面临的三大杂草问题。之间千金子Nealley's sprangletop 是稻田中一个相对较新的物种，被认为是一个新兴的关注点。异恶草酮是最常用的 PRE 除草剂，而喹氯酸、丙腈、咪草烟和氰氟草酯是流行的 POST 除草剂。大多数受访者 (72%) 根据经济阈值做出杂草控制决定，而 63% 根据前几年的杂草问题做出决定。大多数受访者（88%）对他们的经营中的抗除草剂杂草表示中度至高度关注。管理抗除草剂杂草的策略和经济的杂草管理实践是最重要的研究需求。实地调查显示，丛林水稻、Nealley's sprangletop 和大麻田菁是德克萨斯州水稻生产中三大晚季杂草逃逸，发生频率分别为 28%、19% 和 13%。此外，一个物种的平均田间面积以丛林稻（13%）最大，其次是大麻田（11%）和杂草稻（11%）。利益相关者和实地调查的结果有助于指导德克萨斯水稻可持续杂草管理的未来研究和外展工作。