Background: Transmission of many viruses occurs by direct transmission during a close contact between two hosts, or by an indirect transmission through the environment. Several and often interconnected factors, both abiotic and biotic, determine the persistence of these viruses released in the environment, which can last from a few seconds to several years. Moreover, viruses in the environment are able to travel short to very long distances, especially in the air or in water. Summary: Although well described now, the role of these environments as intermediaries or as reservoirs in virus transmission has been extensively studied and debated in the last century. The majority of these discoveries, such as the pioneer work on bacteria transmission, the progressive discoveries of viruses, as well as the persistence of the influenza virus in the air varying along with droplet sizes, or the role of water in the transmission of poliovirus, have contributed to the improvement of public health. Recent outbreaks of human coronavirus, influenza virus, and Ebola virus have also demonstrated the contemporaneity of these research studies and the need to study virus persistence in the environment. Key Messages: In this review, we discuss historical discoveries that contributed to describe biotic and abiotic factors determining viral persistence in the environment.
Intervirology

中文翻译：

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环境中病毒的历史发现及其对公共卫生的影响

背景：许多病毒的传播是通过在两个主机之间紧密接触期间直接传播，或通过环境间接传播而发生的。非生物和生物的几个通常相互关联的因素决定了这些病毒在环境中的持久性，持续时间可能从几秒钟到几年不等。此外，环境中的病毒能够短距离传播到很长的距离，尤其是在空气或水中。概要：尽管现在已经进行了详尽的描述，但是在上个世纪已经广泛研究和讨论了这些环境在病毒传播中作为中介或库的作用。这些发现中的大多数，例如细菌传播的先驱工作，病毒的逐步发现以及流感病毒在空气中的持续存在以及液滴大小的变化，或者水在脊髓灰质炎病毒传播中的作用，为改善公共卫生做出了贡献。最近爆​​发的人类冠状病毒，流感病毒和埃博拉病毒也证明了这些研究的同时性以及研究病毒在环境中的持久性的必要性。关键信息：在这篇综述中，我们讨论了有助于描述决定环境中病毒持久性的生物和非生物因素的历史发现。
病毒学