Many mountainous areas in Campania, Southern Italy, are characterized by steep slopes covered by loose unsaturated pyroclastic deposits laying upon fractured limestone bedrock. The soil covers are mainly constituted by layers of ashes and pumices. Large and intense rainfall events trigger shallow landslides, often turning into debris flows that cause huge damage and casualties. The slope of Cervinara, around 40 km Northeast of Naples, was involved in a catastrophic flowslide on 16 December 1999, triggered by a rainstorm of 325 mm in 48 h. To capture the main effects of precipitation on the slope stability, hydro-meteorological monitoring activities have been carried out at the slope to assess the water balance for three years (2017–2020). The field monitoring data allowed the identification of the complex hydrological processes involving the unsaturated pyroclastic soil and the shallow groundwater system developing in the limestone bedrock, which control the conditions that potentially predispose the slope to landslide triggering. Specifically, late autumn has been identified as the potentially most critical period, when slope drainage processes are not yet effective, and soil covers already receive large amounts of precipitation.

中文翻译：

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监测石灰岩破裂基岩上火山碎屑沉积物覆盖的易滑坡斜坡的水文平衡

意大利南部坎帕尼亚的许多山区的特点是陡峭的斜坡上覆盖着松散的不饱和火山碎屑沉积物，沉积在破碎的石灰岩基岩上。土壤覆盖物主要由灰和浮石层构成。大而强的降雨事件会引发浅层滑坡，通常会变成泥石流，造成巨大的破坏和人员伤亡。1999 年 12 月 16 日，那不勒斯东北约 40 公里处的 Cervinara 斜坡卷入了一场灾难性的水流滑坡，由 48 小时内 325 毫米的暴雨引发。为捕捉降水对边坡稳定性的主要影响，已在边坡开展水文气象监测活动，以评估三年（2017-2020 年）的水平衡。现场监测数据允许识别涉及不饱和火山碎屑土壤和石灰岩基岩中发育的浅层地下水系统的复杂水文过程，这些过程控制了可能导致斜坡触发滑坡的条件。具体而言，深秋已被确定为可能是最关键的时期，此时斜坡排水过程尚未有效，土壤覆盖层已经收到大量降水。