Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Orchidaceae) is a perennial herb inhabiting sub-alpine to alpine regions, ranging at elevations between 2500 and 5000 m.a.s.l. With palmately lobed rhizome and lanceolate leaves having a sheathing leaf base, it bears pink flowers with purple-colored notches and a curved spur. It finds wide use in ayurveda, siddha, unani, and folk medicine in curing disorders of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, digestive, skeletal, and reproductive systems, besides boosting the immune system to fight infectious diseases. Secondary metabolites such as dactylorhins A–E, dactyloses A–B, and others exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, anticancer, and immune enhancing activities). Its use as a dietary supplement was found to be beneficial in increasing testosterone levels, resulting in improved sexual desire and arousal. Incessant overexploitation of this medicinally important herb has resulted in the dwindling of its populations in the wild, which has resulted in its classification as a critically endangered plant species. Efforts involving mass reproduction through in vitro (through tissue culture) and in vivo (by vegetative propagation) means are currently being made to maintain the germplasm of this critically endangered orchid. Holding immense significance in clinical research and drug discovery, work on the genomic front (transcriptomics) has recently been carried out to discover the wealth of unexplored genetic information for this perennial herb. The present study is aimed at reviewing different aspects of the orchid to present collective (summarized) information on this medicinally important herb in the present, particularly its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacognosy, along with the strategies that need to be adopted to prevent its overexploitation in natural habitats.

中文翻译：

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Dactylorhiza hatagirea（D. Don）Soo：喜马拉雅西北部极度濒危的多年生兰花

根瘤菌（兰科）是多年生草本植物，栖息于亚高山到高山地区，海拔在2500至5000马尔斯之间，棕榈状的裂片根状茎和披针形叶具鞘叶基部，具粉红色花朵，有紫色的缺口和弯曲的刺。它在阿育吠陀，悉达，乌尼和民间医学中广泛用于治疗循环系统，呼吸系统，神经系统，消化系统，骨骼系统和生殖系统疾病，此外还可以增强免疫系统抵抗传染病。次生代谢物，如仙人掌素A–E，乳糖A–B等，具有广泛的药理活性（抗氧化剂，抗微生物剂，防腐剂，抗癌剂和免疫增强剂）。发现将其用作膳食补充剂有助于提高睾丸激素水平，导致性欲和性欲得到改善。对这种具有重要医学意义的草药的过度开发导致其野外种群减少，从而导致其被归类为极度濒危的植物物种。目前正在进行包括通过体外（通过组织培养）和体内（通过营养繁殖）手段大量繁殖的努力，以维持这种极度濒危的兰花的种质。在临床研究和药物发现中具有极其重要的意义，最近已开展了有关基因组研究（转录组学）的工作，以发现该多年生草本植物的大量未开发的遗传信息。