Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat ( Triticum spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome 1 , and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines 2 , 3 . Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses 4 , 5 . We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of Sm1 6 , a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars. Comparison of multiple genome assemblies from wheat reveals extensive diversity that results from the complex breeding history of wheat and provides a basis for further potential improvements to this important food crop.

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多个小麦基因组揭示了现代育种的全球变异

基因组学的进步加快了几种重要农业作物的改良，但小麦（小麦属）的类似努力更具挑战性。这主要是由于小麦基因组 1 的大小和复杂性，以及缺乏多个小麦品系 2、3 的基因组组装数据。在这里，我们生成了十个染色体假分子和五个六倍体小麦的支架组件，以探索全球育种计划中小麦品系的基因组多样性。比较分析揭示了广泛的结构重排、来自野生近缘种的基因渗入以及复杂育种历史导致的基因含量差异，旨在提高对不同环境的适应能力、谷物产量和质量以及抗逆性 4 , 5 。我们提供的例子概述了这些基因组的效用，包括详细的多基因组衍生的核苷酸结合富含亮氨酸的重复蛋白库，涉及抗病性和与昆虫抗性相关的基因 Sm1 6 的表征。这些基因组组装将为功能基因发现和育种提供基础，以提供下一代现代小麦品种。来自小麦的多个基因组组装的比较揭示了小麦复杂的育种历史导致的广泛多样性，并为进一步潜在改进这种重要的粮食作物提供了基础。这些基因组组装将为功能基因发现和育种提供基础，以提供下一代现代小麦品种。来自小麦的多个基因组组装的比较揭示了小麦复杂的育种历史导致的广泛多样性，并为进一步潜在改进这种重要的粮食作物提供了基础。这些基因组组装将为功能基因发现和育种提供基础，以提供下一代现代小麦品种。来自小麦的多个基因组组装的比较揭示了小麦复杂的育种历史导致的广泛多样性，并为进一步潜在改进这种重要的粮食作物提供了基础。