Abstract

Hands and forearms are the principal sites of dermal exposure to organophosphate insecticides, which makes glove use one of the most important components of an exposure control strategy. However, the selection of suitable gloves depends on issues such as task, type, and concentration of organophosphate as well as cost. In addition, chemical protection performance of gloves may be temperature dependent, which is of increasing concern in a warming climate. Two recommended reusable glove materials (polyvinylchloride and nitrile butadiene rubber) and one single-use glove (nitrile/neoprene) were tested for permeation resistance to actual formulations of organophosphate insecticides with active ingredients dimethoate and malathion. Chemical resistance parameters were measured using American society for testing and materials permeation test cells and compared across glove, organophosphate type, and temperature. The three gloves demonstrated comparable and adequate chemical resistance (less than one µg cm⁻²min⁻¹ for up to 8 hr exposure; 25–60 °C) for dilute forms of dimethoate and malathion, used during spraying activities. However, the single-use nitrile/neoprene glove is not designed to fully cover the elbow which limits its suitability. In permeation tests that reflect “worst case” exposure scenario to concentrated (neat) organophosphate formulations, as in mixing/loading tasks, a significant variation in chemical resistance between gloves was observed. While polyvinylchloride offered the maximum resistance, physical degradation of nitrile butadiene rubber after 3 hr of continuous exposure makes it unsuitable for handling neat dimethoate. The single-use nitrile/neoprene glove material had considerably poorer permeation resistance (up to 155-fold greater permeation and 6-fold shorter breakthrough) against neat formulations. Overall, elevated temperature (>40 °C) was shown to result in significantly greater (P < 0.05) cumulative permeation of neat formulation insecticides. This work demonstrates the variation in glove performance and potential for greater exposure risk particularly when mixing concentrated pesticides at elevated temperature conditions such as an occluded human skin or hot greenhouses. Training and guidance on testing, selection, use, and storage of gloves should consider in-use exposure scenarios and temperature-induced reduction in chemical protective performance.

摘要

手和前臂是皮肤暴露于有机磷酸酯杀虫剂的主要部位，这使手套的使用成为暴露控制策略中最重要的组成部分之一。但是，选择合适的手套取决于诸如任务，类型，有机磷酸酯的浓度以及成本等问题。另外，手套的化学防护性能可能取决于温度，这在气候变暖的情况下越来越受到关注。测试了两种推荐的可重复使用的手套材料（聚氯乙烯和丁腈橡胶）和一种一次性手套（腈/氯丁橡胶）对具有活性成分乐果和马拉硫磷的有机磷酸酯杀虫剂实际配方的抗渗透性。使用美国社会用于测试和材料渗透测试池的化学耐性参数进行了测量，并在手套，有机磷酸盐类型和温度范围内进行了比较。这三只手套表现出可比且足够的耐化学性（小于1 µg cm⁻²分钟⁻¹暴露时间长达8小时；稀释形式的乐果和马拉硫磷（25–60°C），用于喷涂活动。但是，一次性使用的丁腈/氯丁橡胶手套不能完全覆盖肘部，因此限制了其适用性。在反映“最坏情况”的浓（纯）有机磷酸酯配方暴露情况的渗透测试中，如在混合/加料任务中，观察到手套之间的耐化学性发生了显着变化。尽管聚氯乙烯具有最大的抵抗力，但丁腈橡胶在连续暴露3小时后的物理降解使其不适合处理纯净的乐果。一次性使用的丁腈/氯丁橡胶手套材料对纯净配方的渗透性差得多（渗透率最多增加155倍，穿透时间缩短6倍）。总体，高温（> 40°C）被证明可导致纯制剂杀虫剂的更大的累积渗透（P <0.05）。这项工作证明了手套性能的变化以及更大的暴露风险的可能性，尤其是在高温条件下（例如，人的皮肤被遮挡或温室大棚）混合浓缩农药时。有关手套的测试，选择，使用和存放的培训和指导，应考虑使用中的暴露情况以及温度引起的化学防护性能下降。这项工作证明了手套性能的变化以及更大的暴露风险的潜力，特别是在高温条件下（例如，人的皮肤被遮挡或温室大棚）混合浓缩农药时。有关手套的测试，选择，使用和存放的培训和指导，应考虑使用中的暴露情况以及温度引起的化学防护性能下降。这项工作证明了手套性能的变化以及更大的暴露风险的潜力，特别是在高温条件下（例如，人的皮肤被遮挡或温室大棚）混合浓缩农药时。有关手套的测试，选择，使用和存放的培训和指导，应考虑使用中的暴露情况以及温度引起的化学防护性能下降。