We report (1) ice core evidence that unambiguously identifies massive sulfur fallout over much of the Arctic, attributed using tephra geochemistry to eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano, with climate model simulations indicating 2 y of extreme temperatures and precipitation throughout the Northern Hemisphere starting in early 43 BCE. This climate event occurred in the waning years of the Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom during a period of well-known social, political, and economic stress including food shortages, epidemic disease, and unusually inclement weather reported in ancient sources (Fig. 1). We contend that such a climate anomaly—corroborated by paleoclimate proxies—undoubtedly contributed to historical events primarily through disruptions in food production in the Mediterranean region. Without offering any specific criticisms or …

中文翻译：

---

回复 Strunz 和 Braeckel：农业失败在逻辑上将历史事件与公元前 43 年 Okmok 喷发后的极端气候联系起来 [物理科学]

我们报告（1) 冰芯证据明确地确定了北极大部分地区的大量硫磺沉降物，使用 tephra 地球化学将其归因于阿拉斯加 Okmok 火山的喷发，气候模型模拟表明从公元前 43 年初开始，整个北半球有 2 年的极端温度和降水。这一气候事件发生在罗马共和国和托勒密王国衰落的年代，当时正处于众所周知的社会、政治和经济压力时期，包括古代文献报道的粮食短缺、流行病和异常恶劣的天气（图 1）。我们认为，这种气候异常——得到古气候代理的证实——无疑主要通过地中海地区粮食生产的中断促成了历史事件。没有提供任何具体的批评或......