1 INTRODUCTION

It has been crystal clear to everyone that energy is the most significant requirement for people and their existence. Energy consumption has always been ever increasing in the world due to rising energy demands. Everyday, new energy intensive technologies, vehicles, systems, and applications are entering into our daily routines, which drastically increase the fuel and power requirements for economic activities and societal developments. Such needs have impacted the energy equation with various constraints related to the environment, health, and sustainable development. It is now badly necessary to set up the energy equation without hydrocarbon fuels, and it is therefore fully recognized by many researchers, scientists, organizations, companies, etc. that it is time to move to renewables and clean fuels (particularly with hydrogen and ammonia) which have been advocated by Dincer¹ for many years. In a recent perspective article,¹ he has declared that COVID‐19 coronavirus: closing carbon age, but opening hydrogen age, and he considered the year of 2020 a turning point. This age is even more necessary for human health and human welfare. In conjunction with this, there is a strong need to develop the technologies and economies to make a smooth transition as quickly as possible. That is why this perspective article takes ammonia into consideration for a fair evaluation and suggestions for better combustion practices.

It is a well‐known fact that almost one‐third of the total consumed energy in the world is used in the transportation sector where fossil fuels are primarily used to produce common transportation fuels, covering diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, etc. Their extensive use has been causing very high levels of greenhouse gases, ranging from 20% to 30% depending on the nation's development. Although there is a big attempt to transient to electrical and hybrid vehicles by manufacturer and governments, it seems that is not possible to complete this transition in a short time due to infrastructure, economical, and raw material issues. However, the current environmental indicators indicate the requirement for quick and effective actions. Moreover, the diesel‐ and gasoline‐powered generators used in residential, commercial, utility sectors, and off‐grid applications contribute to fossil‐based fuel consumption and increase the CO₂ emissions. The use of ammonia in combustion processes, such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines, can be a key solution in a faster transition to the hydrogen economy.

Recently, there have been numerous attempts to use ammonia in internal combustion engines and gas turbines. The California Public Utilities Commission has met with industry stakeholders on alternatives to diesel generators as part of an ongoing microgrid proceeding and is considering replacing the diesel generators with ammonia‐driven ones for 2021. It is planning to change 350 MW of diesel generators used in 63 substations, to ammonia‐fueled ones.² Japan has launched a serious action plan for ammonia use to produce, especially in electricity production. It is expected that 1% of electricity consumption will be met by ammonia‐driven systems in Japan.³ For this purpose, ammonia‐fueled gas turbine program has been started for power generation in Japan.⁴ A Japanese marine company has announced starting a project on ammonia‐fueled ships and fuel supply systems for it.⁵ Much more ammonia applications are introduced in the following sections in detail. Despite unique advantages of ammonia, there are some challenges related to its toxicity, flammability and combustion in traditional engines, turbines and power generators.

In this perspective article, clean ammonia is considered as a potential, carbon‐free solution to processes and systems in various sectors and discussed from various viewpoints, such as potential sources, key methods for production, storage modes and distribution options, applications, advantages, disadvantages, combustions challenges and solutions, and future prospects. It is also evaluated as a clean fuel and proposed for combustion applications. Furthermore, some key solutions to potential challenges in the use of ammonia are discussed and addressed for practical applications.

中文翻译：

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使用氨作为清洁燃料的观点：挑战和解决方案

1引言

每个人都非常清楚，能源是人类及其生存的最重要需求。由于不断增长的能源需求，世界上的能源消耗一直在增加。每天，新的能源密集型技术，车辆，系统和应用程序都进入我们的日常工作，这极大地增加了经济活动和社会发展对燃料和动力的需求。这样的需求已经在与环境，健康和可持续发展相关的各种约束下影响了能源方程。现在非常需要建立不使用烃类燃料的能量方程，因此许多研究人员，科学家，组织，公司等都充分认识到了这一点。¹多年。在最近的一篇观点文章中，他¹宣布COVID-19冠状病毒：关闭碳时代，但打开氢时代，他认为2020年是一个转折点。这个年龄对于人类健康和人类福祉更加必要。与此相结合，迫切需要开发技术和经济以尽快实现平稳过渡。因此，本透视文章将氨用于公平评估并提出了更好的燃烧方法的建议。

众所周知的事实是，世界上近三分之一的总能源消耗用于交通运输领域，其中化石燃料主要用于生产普通的交通运输燃料，包括柴油，汽油，喷气燃料等。使用会导致非常高的温室气体排放，根据国家的发展情况，温室气体排放量的范围从20％到30％不等。尽管制造商和政府都在大力过渡到电动和混合动力汽车，但由于基础设施，经济和原材料问题，似乎不可能在短时间内完成这种过渡。但是，当前的环境指标表明需要采取快速有效的行动。此外，用于住宅，商业，公共事业部门的柴油和汽油发电机，₂排放。在燃烧过程（例如内燃机和燃气轮机）中使用氨气可能是向氢经济更快过渡的关键解决方案。

近来，已经进行了许多尝试在内燃发动机和燃气轮机中使用氨。作为正在进行的微电网程序的一部分，加利福尼亚公用事业委员会已经就柴油发电机的替代方案与行业利益相关者举行了会议，并正在考虑在2021年用氨气驱动的柴油发电机代替柴油发电机。它计划在63家工厂中更换350兆瓦的柴油发电机。变电站，改为以氨为燃料的变电站。²日本已针对生产氨，特别是电力生产，启动了一项认真的行动计划。预计日本的氨驱动系统将满足1％的用电量。³为此，日本启动了以氨为燃料的燃气轮机发电项目。⁴一家日本海洋公司宣布启动一个以氨为燃料的船舶及其燃料供应系统的项目。⁵以下各节详细介绍了更多的氨气应用。尽管氨具有独特的优势，但在传统发动机，涡轮机和发电机中，氨的毒性，可燃性和燃烧仍存在一些挑战。

在本观点文章中，清洁氨被认为是各个行业过程和系统的潜在无碳解决方案，并从各种角度进行了讨论，例如潜在来源，生产的关键方法，存储模式和分配选项，应用，优势，缺点，燃烧挑战和解决方案以及未来前景。它还被评估为清洁燃料，并建议用于燃烧应用。此外，针对氨的使用中的潜在挑战，讨论了一些关键解决方案，并针对实际应用进行了讨论。