Abstract The present study investigated honne oil methyl esters (HOME) production from crude honne seed oil (HSO) using a novel catalyst synthesized from a blend of cocoa pod husk and plantain peel. A two-step esterification-transesterification method was used for the HOME production. For the esterification, the crude HSO was pretreated with H2SO4 to reduce its very high acid value to an acceptable level prior to transesterification to biodiesel. Characterization of the calcined cocoa pod husk-plantain peel ash (CCPA) showed that K (50.95%), Mg (2.49%) and Ca (2.30%) were the major metals present, thereby confirming its heterogeneity. Physisorption isotherms obtained for the CCPA indicate it is composed of nanoparticles that are mesoporous in nature. The initial high acid value of the oil (35.5 g KOH/g oil) was reduced to 1.68 ± 0.57 g KOH/g oil via esterification at a temperature of 65 °C, MeOH:HSO molar ratio of 50:1 and H2SO4 of 2 vol.% after 2.5 h. The best operating condition that gave maximum HOME yield (98.98 ± 0.04 wt.%) was CCPA amount of 4.5 wt.%, reaction temperature of 65 oC, time of 2.5 h and MeOH:pretreated HSO molar ratio of 15:1. The HOME produced satisfied standard limits set for biodiesel.

中文翻译：

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可可豆壳 - 车前草皮混合物作为一种新型绿色多相催化剂，用于可再生和可持续的 honne 油生物柴油合成：生物废物转化为财富的案例

摘要 本研究调查了使用由可可豆壳和车前草皮的混合物合成的新型催化剂从粗 honne 种子油 (HSO) 生产 honne 油甲酯 (HOME)。HOME 生产采用两步酯化-酯交换法。对于酯化反应，在酯交换反应为生物柴油之前，粗 HSO 用 H2SO4 预处理以将其非常高的酸值降低到可接受的水平。煅烧可可豆壳 - 车前草皮灰 (CCPA) 的表征表明 K (50.95%)、Mg (2.49%) 和 Ca (2.30%) 是存在的主要金属，从而证实了其异质性。CCPA 获得的物理吸附等温线表明它由本质上是介孔的纳米粒子组成。油的初始高酸值（35.5 g KOH/g 油）降至 1.68 ± 0。57 g KOH/g 油在 65 °C 的温度下通过酯化，MeOH:HSO 摩尔比为 50:1，2.5 小时后 H2SO4 为 2 vol.%。获得最大 HOME 产率 (98.98 ± 0.04 wt.%) 的最佳操作条件是 CCPA 量为 4.5 wt.%，反应温度为 65 oC，时间为 2.5 小时，MeOH: 预处理的 HSO 摩尔比为 15:1。HOME 生产满足为生物柴油设定的标准限值。