Abstract Apart from the various emission reduction strategies, a novel concept of cow-urine emulsification in diesel has been explored in this study. In India, cow urine is easily and readily available as gomutra distillate. It constitutes of around 95% water and exhibits the benefits of water emulsification to improve the brake thermal efficiency. Additionally, it consists of urea which works as a reducing agent and significantly cuts-down the NOx emissions. Sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium present in the cow-urine are also expected to enhance the fuel properties as found in various other researches. Emulsions containing 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (v/v) cow-urine were tested on a stationary C.I. engine. The 15% emulsion was found to be optimum with a remarkable increase in BTE reaching up to 24.8% as compared to 21.9% with base diesel. In emissions, NOx and smoke got reduced by maximum up to 31.8% and 36.9% respectively. At lower loads, the CO emissions were found to be increased but at higher loads, it was also decreased. No significant variation in HC emissions was observed. Overall, cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel was found to be an energy-efficient and cleaner alternative fuel for stationary C.I. engine application.

中文翻译：

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一种新制备的牛尿乳化柴油用于 CI 发动机的可行性评估

摘要 除了各种减排策略外，本研究还探索了柴油中牛尿乳化的新概念。在印度，牛尿作为 gomutra 蒸馏物很容易获得。它由大约 95% 的水组成，并表现出水乳化的好处，以提高制动热效率。此外，它由尿素组成，可作为还原剂并显着减少氮氧化物排放。牛尿中存在的钠、镁、钙和钾也有望增强燃料特性，正如在其他各种研究中发现的那样。在固定 CI 发动机上测试了含有 5%、10%、15% 和 20% (v/v) 牛尿的乳液。发现 15% 的乳液是最佳的，与使用基础柴油的 21.9% 相比，BTE 显着增加，达到 24.8%。在排放方面，氮氧化物和烟气分别最多减少了 31.8% 和 36.9%。在较低的负载下，发现 CO 排放量增加，但在较高的负载下，它也减少了。未观察到 HC 排放量的显着变化。总体而言，牛尿乳化柴油燃料被发现是一种用于固定 CI 发动机应用的节能且清洁的替代燃料。