Abstract One of the most challenging aspects of vehicle dynamics is accurate modelling of the tyre-road interface. Forces between the tyre and road need to be accurately represented in simulation. This is challenging over rough roads since the friction changes along the road due to large surface asperities. The Heinrich/Kluppel friction coefficient estimation model has been implemented on smooth roads in the past. However, this study investigates the applicability of using this model over a rough but hard terrain, such as Belgian paving or cobblestones. The model is based on physical properties that can be determined mathematically or experimentally. The study includes detailed terrain topography and the difference between the top and bottom topography is used to determine the radially averaged PSD. Emphasis is placed on finding and implementing the flash temperature in a practical manner that could also be used in further studies. An experimental setup is built to validate the model. The experimental friction coefficient is compared to the friction coefficient calculated using the Heinrich/Kluppel model. The relative percentage error difference between experimental and friction model results is found to be less than 10% on a smooth concrete road and 20% on a rough road (concrete Belgian paving).

中文翻译：

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崎岖路面上的轮胎橡胶摩擦

摘要 车辆动力学最具挑战性的方面之一是轮胎-道路界面的精确建模。轮胎和道路之间的力需要在仿真中准确表示。这在崎岖不平的道路上具有挑战性，因为由于大的表面凹凸不平，沿道路的摩擦力会发生变化。Heinrich/Kluppel 摩擦系数估计模型过去曾在光滑的道路上实施过。然而，这项研究调查了在崎岖但坚硬的地形（例如比利时铺路或鹅卵石）上使用此模型的适用性。该模型基于可以通过数学或实验确定的物理特性。该研究包括详细的地形地形，顶部和底部地形之间的差异用于确定径向平均 PSD。重点放在以实用的方式寻找和实施闪蒸温度，这也可用于进一步的研究。建立了一个实验装置来验证模型。将实验摩擦系数与使用 Heinrich/Kluppel 模型计算的摩擦系数进行比较。实验和摩擦模型结果之间的相对百分比误差差异在光滑的混凝土道路上小于 10%，在粗糙的道路（比利时混凝土铺路）上小于 20%。