Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Over the past few decades, the exact molecular mechanisms describing secondary, persistent injuries, as well as primary and transient injuries, have attracted massive attention to the clinicians and researchers. Recent investigations have distinctly shown the critical roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and functional outcomes after SCI. In past years, some promising advances in immunotherapeutic options have efficaciously been identified for the treatment of SCI. In our narrative review, we have mainly focused on the new therapeutic strategies such as the maturation and apoptosis of immune cells by several agents, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as multi-factor combination therapy, which have recently provided novel ideas and prospects for the future treatment of SCI. This article also illustrates the latest progress in clarifying the potential roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in SCI, the progression and specification of prospective immunotherapy and outstanding issues in the area.

脊髓损伤 (SCI) 是世界上发病率和残疾的主要原因。在过去的几十年中，描述继发性、持续性损伤以及原发性和暂时性损伤的确切分子机制引起了临床医生和研究人员的广泛关注。最近的研究清楚地表明，先天性和适应性免疫反应在调节 SCI 后无菌神经炎症和功能结果中的关键作用。在过去的几年中，一些有希望的免疫治疗选择已被有效地确定用于治疗 SCI。在我们的叙述回顾中，我们主要关注新的治疗策略，例如几种药物、间充质干细胞 (MSCs) 以及多因素联合治疗等免疫细胞的成熟和凋亡，最近为SCI的未来治疗提供了新的思路和前景。本文还阐述了在阐明先天性和适应性免疫反应在 SCI 中的潜在作用、前瞻性免疫治疗的进展和规范以及该领域的突出问题方面的最新进展。