Understanding the formation and evolution of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) is critical for explaining their wide-ranging properties. However, studies of LSBGs in deep photometric surveys are often hindered by a lack of distance estimates. In this work, we present a new catalogue of 479 LSBGs, identified in deep optical imaging data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). These galaxies are found across a range of environments, from the field to groups. Many are likely to be ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). We see clear evidence for a bimodal population in colour - Sersic index space, and split our sample into red and blue LSBG populations. We estimate environmental densities for a subsample of 215 sources by statistically associating them with nearby spectroscopic galaxies from the overlapping GAMA spectroscopic survey. We find that the blue LSBGs are statistically consistent with being spatially randomised with respect to local spectroscopic galaxies, implying they exist predominantly in low-density environments. However, the red LSBG population is significantly spatially correlated with local structure. We find that 26+/-5% of isolated, local LSBGs belong to the red population, which we interpret as quiescent. This indicates that high environmental density plays a dominant, but not exclusive, role in producing quiescent LSBGs. Our analysis method may prove to be very useful given the large samples of LSB galaxies without distance information expected from e.g. the Vera C. Rubin observatory (aka LSST), especially in combination with upcoming comprehensive wide field spectroscopic surveys.

中文翻译：

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孤立的低表面亮度星系的静止部分：观测限制

了解低表面亮度星系 (LSBG) 的形成和演化对于解释它们的广泛特性至关重要。然而，在深度光度测量中对 LSBG 的研究往往因缺乏距离估计而受到阻碍。在这项工作中，我们提出了 479 个 LSBG 的新目录，这些目录是在 Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru 战略计划 (HSC-SSP) 的深度光学成像数据中确定的。这些星系存在于各种环境中，从野外到群体。许多可能是超扩散星系（UDG）。我们在颜色 - Sersic 索引空间中看到了双峰群体的明确证据，并将我们的样本分为红色和蓝色 LSBG 群体。我们通过将 215 个源的子样本与来自重叠 GAMA 光谱调查的附近光谱星系进行统计关联来估计环境密度。我们发现蓝色 LSBG 在统计上与局部光谱星系的空间随机一致，这意味着它们主要存在于低密度环境中。然而，红色 LSBG 种群在空间上与局部结构显着相关。我们发现 26+/-5% 的孤立的本地 LSBG 属于红色种群，我们将其解释为静止的。这表明高环境密度在产生静态 LSBG 中起主导作用，但不是唯一作用。考虑到 LSB 星系的大量样本，我们的分析方法可能被证明是非常有用的，而没有从维拉 C 等预期的距离信息。