The health of insect pollinators, particularly the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), is a major concern for agriculture and ecosystem health. In response to mounting evidence supporting the detrimental effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on pollinators, a novel ‘bee safe’ butenolide compound, flupyradifurone (FPF) has been registered for use in agricultural use. Although FPF is not a neonicotinoid, like neonicotinoids, it is an excitotoxic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. In addition, A. mellifera faces threats from pathogens, such as the microsporidian endoparasite, Nosema ceranae (Fries et al. 1996). We therefore sought 1) to increase our understanding of the potential effects of FPF on honey bees by focusing on a crucial behavior, the ability to learn and remember an odor associated with a food reward, and 2) to test for a potential synergistic effect on such learning by exposure to FPF and infection with N. ceranae. We found little evidence that FPF significantly alters learning and memory at short-term field-realistic doses. However, at high doses and at chronic, field-realistic exposure, FPF did reduce learning and memory in an olfactory conditioning task. Infection with N. ceranae also reduced learning, but there was no synergy (no significant interaction) between N. ceranae and exposure to FPF. These results suggest the importance of continued studies on the chronic effects of FPF.

中文翻译：

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影响家蚕微孢子ceranae（Dissociodihaplophasida：Nosematidae）在蜜蜂和Flupyradifurone嗅觉学习，西方蜜蜂（膜翅目：蜜蜂科）

昆虫授粉媒介的健康，特别是蜜蜂，Apis mellifera（Linnaeus，1758年），是农业和生态系统健康的主要问题。为了响应越来越多的证据支持新烟碱类农药对授粉媒介的有害影响，一种新型的“蜜蜂安全”的丁烯内酯化合物氟吡呋喃酮（FPF）已被注册用于农业用途。尽管FPF不是新烟碱样的新烟碱类，但它是一种兴奋性毒性烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体激动剂。此外，A。mellifera还面临病原体的威胁，例如微孢子虫内寄生虫，Nosema ceranae（Fries等，1996）。因此，我们寻求1）通过关注关键行为，学习和记忆与食物奖励相关的气味的能力来增进对FPF对蜜蜂的潜在影响的了解，以及2）测试对FPF对蜜蜂的潜在协同作用。通过接触FPF和感染猪笼草进行此类学习。我们发现很少有证据表明FPF会在短期的真实感剂量下显着改变学习和记忆。但是，在高剂量和长期，真实感暴露下，FPF确实会降低嗅觉调节任务的学习和记忆力。cerenae ceranae的感染也减少了学习，但cercertaine ceranae之间没有协同作用（没有明显的相互作用）并接触FPF。这些结果表明继续研究FPF的慢性影响的重要性。