Tropical peatlands are one of the largest reservoirs of terrestrial organic carbon. However, present-day tropical peat swamp forests are under threat by anthropogenic disturbances and have already been widely degraded. Anthropogenic pressures on peatland ecosystems have resulted in ecological and biogeochemical changes and the release of carbon to the atmosphere. In Southeast Asia, the conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations has accelerated significantly during the last 2 decades. This research analyzed direct and indirect land-use changes (DLUC and ILUC) that have been associated with oil palm expansion and anthropogenic impacts in the Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary (PSWS), Narathiwat, southern Thailand. Our analysis is based on land-use and land-cover data of the Land Development of Thailand from two different periods: 2000–2009 and 2009–2016. For the purpose of comparison, the data were reclassified into 12 types of land use: oil palm, para rubber, paddy field, abandoned paddy field, orchard, other agriculture lands, wetlands and peatlands, mangrove, evergreen forest, water area, build-up area, and unused area. In addition, the area of net change due to DLUC and ILUC was calculated, and carbon stock changes were estimated from above- and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon. The results show that the total oil palm plantation area has increased from 0.04% in 2000 to 6.84% in 2016, because of a Thai government policy promoting the use of biodiesel and increasing capacity of palm oil production in 2005. Paddy field, evergreen forest, wetlands, and peatlands were the main areas being replaced. The clearance of natural forest greatly increased in the period of 2000–2009. The ILUC indicates that the expansion of oil palm plantations invades other croplands (paddy field, para rubber, and orchard). The results demonstrate that the conversion of natural landscapes (evergreen forest, mangrove, wetlands, and peatlands) to oil palm plantations at Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary area had a negative effect, with carbon stock changes of 4 million Mg C during 2000–2016 (0.25 million Mg C/year). Given the significance of carbon stock changes arising from land-use changes, this research highlights the need for sustainable land-use management and long-term monitoring.

热带泥炭地是陆地有机碳的最大储集地之一。但是，当今的热带泥炭沼泽森林受到人为干扰的威胁，并且已经广泛退化。泥炭地生态系统的人为压力已导致生态和生物地球化学变化以及向大气释放碳。在过去的20年中，东南亚的泥炭地向油棕种植的转变显着加速。这项研究分析了泰国南部那拉提瓦公主诗琳通野生动物保护区（PSWS）中与油棕的扩张和人为影响相关的直接和间接土地利用变化（DLUC和ILUC）。我们的分析基于两个不同时期的泰国土地开发的土地利用和土地覆盖数据：2000–2009和2009–2016。为了进行比较，将数据重新分类为12种土地利用类型：油棕，橡胶，稻田，废弃稻田，果园，其他农业用地，湿地和泥炭地，红树林，常绿森林，水域，上区域和未使用区域。此外，计算了由于DLUC和ILUC引起的净变化面积，并根据地上和地下生物量和土壤有机碳估算了碳储量变化。结果表明，由于泰国政府推行了促进生物柴油利用和2005年棕榈油生产能力提高的政策，油棕种植总面积从2000年的0.04％增加到2016年的6.84％。稻田，常绿森林，湿地和泥炭地是被替换的主要区域。在2000-2009年期间，天然林的砍伐量大大增加。ILUC表明油棕种植园的扩张侵入了其他农田（水田，橡胶地和果园）。结果表明，诗琳通公主野生动物保护区的自然景观（常绿森林，红树林，湿地和泥炭地）向油棕种植的转化具有负面影响，在2000–2016年期间碳储量变化了400万Mg C（0.25）。百万Mg C /年）。考虑到土地利用变化引起的碳库变化的重要性，本研究强调了可持续土地利用管理和长期监测的必要性。结果表明，诗琳通公主野生动物保护区的自然景观（常绿森林，红树林，湿地和泥炭地）向油棕种植的转化具有负面影响，在2000–2016年期间碳储量变化了400万Mg C（0.25）。百万Mg C /年）。考虑到土地利用变化引起的碳库变化的重要性，本研究强调了可持续土地利用管理和长期监测的必要性。结果表明，诗琳通公主野生动物保护区的自然景观（常绿森林，红树林，湿地和泥炭地）向油棕种植的转化具有负面影响，在2000–2016年期间碳储量变化了400万Mg C（0.25）。百万Mg C /年）。考虑到土地利用变化产生的碳库变化的重要性，本研究强调了可持续土地利用管理和长期监测的必要性。