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Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes
ACS Nano ( IF 15.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-24 , DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480 Nadine J. Schrenker 1 , Zhuocheng Xie 2, 3 , Peter Schweizer 1 , Marco Moninger 1 , Felix Werner 1 , Nicolas Karpstein 1 , Mirza Mačković 1 , George D. Spyropoulos 4 , Manuela Göbelt 5 , Silke Christiansen 5 , Christoph J. Brabec 4, 6 , Erik Bitzek 2 , Erdmann Spiecker 1
ACS Nano ( IF 15.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-24 , DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480 Nadine J. Schrenker 1 , Zhuocheng Xie 2, 3 , Peter Schweizer 1 , Marco Moninger 1 , Felix Werner 1 , Nicolas Karpstein 1 , Mirza Mačković 1 , George D. Spyropoulos 4 , Manuela Göbelt 5 , Silke Christiansen 5 , Christoph J. Brabec 4, 6 , Erik Bitzek 2 , Erdmann Spiecker 1
Affiliation
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Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks show excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which make them ideal candidates for transparent electrodes in flexible and stretchable devices. Various coating strategies and testing setups have been developed to further improve their stretchability and to evaluate their performance. Still, a comprehensive microscopic understanding of the relationship between mechanical and electrical failure is missing. In this work, the fundamental deformation modes of five-fold twinned AgNWs in anisotropic networks are studied by large-scale SEM straining tests that are directly correlated with corresponding changes in the resistance. A pronounced effect of the network anisotropy on the electrical performance is observed, which manifests itself in a one order of magnitude lower increase in resistance for networks strained perpendicular to the preferred wire orientation. Using a scale-bridging microscopy approach spanning from NW networks to single NWs to atomic-scale defects, we were able to identify three fundamental deformation modes of NWs, which together can explain this behavior: (i) correlated tensile fracture of NWs, (ii) kink formation due to compression of NWs in transverse direction, and (iii) NW bending caused by the interaction of NWs in the strained network. A key observation is the extreme deformability of AgNWs in compression. Considering HRTEM and MD simulations, this behavior can be attributed to specific defect processes in the five-fold twinned NW structure leading to the formation of NW kinks with grain boundaries combined with V-shaped surface reconstructions, both counteracting NW fracture. The detailed insights from this microscopic study can further improve fabrication and design strategies for transparent NW network electrodes.
中文翻译：
微观变形模式和网络各向异性对五重孪晶银纳米线电极力学性能的影响
银纳米线（AgNW）网络具有出色的光学，电学和机械性能，使其成为柔性和可拉伸设备中透明电极的理想选择。已经开发了各种涂覆策略和测试设置，以进一步改善其可拉伸性并评估其性能。仍然缺少对机械故障和电气故障之间关系的全面微观理解。在这项工作中，通过大规模SEM应变测试研究了五重孪晶AgNW在各向异性网络中的基本变形模式，该测试与电阻的相应变化直接相关。观察到网络各向异性对电性能的显着影响，对于垂直于优选导线方向应变的网络，其电阻降低幅度降低了一个数量级。使用从NW网络到单个NW到原子尺度缺陷的尺度桥接显微镜方法，我们能够确定NW的三种基本变形模式，这些模式可以解释这种行为：（i）相关的NW拉伸断裂，（ii ）由于NW在横向方向上的压缩而形成的扭结，以及（iii）NW在应变网络中的相互作用引起的NW弯曲。一个关键的观察是AgNW在压缩中的极度可变形性。考虑到HRTEM和MD仿真，这种行为可归因于五重孪晶NW结构中的特定缺陷过程，导致形成具有晶界的NW纽结和V形表面重建相结合，均能抵消NW断裂。这项微观研究的详细见解可以进一步改善透明NW网络电极的制造和设计策略。
更新日期：2021-01-26
中文翻译：
微观变形模式和网络各向异性对五重孪晶银纳米线电极力学性能的影响
银纳米线（AgNW）网络具有出色的光学，电学和机械性能，使其成为柔性和可拉伸设备中透明电极的理想选择。已经开发了各种涂覆策略和测试设置，以进一步改善其可拉伸性并评估其性能。仍然缺少对机械故障和电气故障之间关系的全面微观理解。在这项工作中，通过大规模SEM应变测试研究了五重孪晶AgNW在各向异性网络中的基本变形模式，该测试与电阻的相应变化直接相关。观察到网络各向异性对电性能的显着影响，对于垂直于优选导线方向应变的网络，其电阻降低幅度降低了一个数量级。使用从NW网络到单个NW到原子尺度缺陷的尺度桥接显微镜方法，我们能够确定NW的三种基本变形模式，这些模式可以解释这种行为：（i）相关的NW拉伸断裂，（ii ）由于NW在横向方向上的压缩而形成的扭结，以及（iii）NW在应变网络中的相互作用引起的NW弯曲。一个关键的观察是AgNW在压缩中的极度可变形性。考虑到HRTEM和MD仿真，这种行为可归因于五重孪晶NW结构中的特定缺陷过程，导致形成具有晶界的NW纽结和V形表面重建相结合，均能抵消NW断裂。这项微观研究的详细见解可以进一步改善透明NW网络电极的制造和设计策略。
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