Combining spatially resolved x-ray Laue diffraction with atomic-scale simulations, we observe how ion-irradiated tungsten undergoes a series of nonlinear structural transformations with increasing radiation exposure. Nanoscale defect-induced deformations accumulating above 0.02 displacements per atom (dpa) lead to highly fluctuating strains at $\sim 0.1\mathrm{dpa}$, collapsing into a driven quasisteady structural state above $\sim 1\mathrm{dpa}$. The driven asymptotic state is characterized by finely dispersed vacancy defects coexisting with an extended dislocation network and exhibits positive volumetric swelling, due to the creation of new crystallographic planes through self-interstitial coalescence, but negative lattice strain.

中文翻译：

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钨暴露于辐射的瞬态和渐近驱动结构态的观察

将空间分辨的X射线Laue衍射与原子尺度模拟相结合，我们观察到离子辐照的钨如何随着辐射暴露的增加而经历一系列非线性结构转变。纳米级缺陷诱发的变形累积超过每原子0.02个位移（dpa），导致在以下位置产生高度波动的应变$〜0.1\mathrm{dpa}$坍塌成上方的驱动准稳态结构状态 $〜\mathrm{1个}\mathrm{dpa}$。驱动的渐进状态的特征是与扩展的位错网络共存的细微空位缺陷，并且由于通过自间隙聚结产生了新的晶面，但是表现出正的体积溶胀，但是具有负的晶格应变。