The vaccine field is pursuing diverse approaches to translate the molecular insights from analyses of effective antibodies and their targeted epitopes into immunogens capable of eliciting protective immune responses. Here we review current antibody-guided strategies including conformation-based, epitope-based, and lineage-based vaccine approaches, which are yielding promising vaccine candidates now being evaluated in clinical trials. We summarize directions being employed by the field, including the use of sequencing technologies to monitor and track developing immune responses for understanding and improving antibody-based immunity. We review opportunities and challenges to transform powerful new discoveries into safe and effective vaccines, which are encapsulated by vaccine efforts against a variety of pathogens including HIV-1, influenza A virus, malaria parasites, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Overall, this review summarizes the extensive progress that has been made to realize antibody-guided structure-based vaccines, the considerable challenges faced, and the opportunities afforded by recently developed molecular approaches to vaccine development.

疫苗领域正在寻求多种方法，将有效抗体及其靶向表位分析的分子见解转化为能够引发保护性免疫反应的免疫原。在这里，我们回顾了当前的抗体引导策略，包括基于构象、基于表位和基于谱系的疫苗方法，这些方法产生了有前途的候选疫苗，目前正在临床试验中进行评估。我们总结了该领域正在采用的方向，包括使用测序技术来监测和跟踪发展中的免疫反应，以了解和提高基于抗体的免疫力。我们回顾了将强大的新发现转化为安全有效疫苗的机遇和挑战，这些疫苗通过针对多种病原体（包括 HIV-1、甲型流感病毒、疟疾寄生虫、呼吸道合胞病毒和 SARS-CoV-2。总的来说，这篇综述总结了在实现抗体引导的基于结构的疫苗方面取得的广泛进展、面临的巨大挑战以及最近开发的疫苗开发分子方法所提供的机会。