Abstract In the core areas of National Parks (NPs), there might be a conflict between the approaches of process-based conservation, i.e. allowing natural ecological processes to develop without intervention, and of species-based conservation, i.e. active management to protect specific aspects of biodiversity. To better understand this conflict and its consequences, we collected data on non-native plant species (neophytes) managed in 12 German terrestrial NPs and the measures implemented to control these in the period 2006–2016. Based on this, we developed a decision-making process to identify the criteria that should be considered when determining the appropriate management of neophytes. This process considers the distribution of the species in the NP, age and zone of the NP, parameters for success, the degree of threat posed to local conservation goals by the species, and suitability of the measure. The application of this decision-making process to existing neophyte control measures showed that 18 of these measures should be continued, six should be adapted and three terminated. In the examined NPs, there is often no evaluation of performance against their stated goals in neophyte management. For most measures, their efficacy remains unclear. Preventive measures against neophytes are only carried out in four of the 12 NPs investigated here. Given that NPs have the goal of protecting ecological processes, this lack of preventive measures is critical. Especially in this category of protected area, avoiding the introduction of neophytes in the first place can significantly reduce the need for control and eradication measures later. A conflict of objectives between process-based and species-based conservation approaches currently exists in more than half of the NPs investigated here. The decision-making process does not resolve this conflict, but it does make the decisions more transparent and thus more communicable. By collecting and analysing the individual species-specific measures, it will be possible to reduce the number of measures in the future, thereby at least reducing the existing conflict of objectives. Promoting the protection of ecological processes for inherent reasons and following an actualistic interpretation of naturalness can improve the acceptance of neobiota in NPs.

中文翻译：

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基于物种还是基于过程的保护？处理德国国家公园核心区域的新手

摘要 在国家公园 (NPs) 的核心区域，基于过程的保护方法（即允许自然生态过程不受干预地发展）与基于物种的保护方法（即主动管理以保护特定方面）之间可能存在冲突。生物多样性。为了更好地了解这种冲突及其后果，我们收集了 2006 年至 2016 年期间在 12 个德国陆地 NP 中管理的非本地植物物种（新生植物）的数据以及为控制这些物种而采取的措施。基于此，我们制定了一个决策过程，以确定在确定对新手进行适当管理时应考虑的标准。该过程考虑了 NP 中物种的分布、NP 的年龄和区域、成功的参数、物种对当地保护目标构成的威胁程度，以及该措施的适用性。将这一决策过程应用于现有的新手控制措施表明，这些措施中的 18 项应该继续，六项应该调整，三项终止。在检查的 NP 中，通常没有针对其在新手管理中规定的目标的绩效评估。对于大多数措施，它们的功效仍不清楚。仅在此处调查的 12 个 NP 中的四个中针对新手采取了预防措施。鉴于 NP 的目标是保护生态过程，因此缺乏预防措施至关重要。特别是在此类保护区，首先避免引入新生物可以显着减少后期控制和根除措施的需要。在这里调查的 NPs 中，目前存在基于过程和基于物种的保护方法之间的目标冲突。决策过程并没有解决这种冲突，但它确实使决策更加透明，从而更加易于沟通。通过收集和分析个别物种特定的措施，将来可以减少措施的数量，从而至少减少现有的目标冲突。出于内在原因促进生态过程的保护并遵循对自然性的现实解释可以提高新生物群在 NP 中的接受度。决策过程并没有解决这种冲突，但它确实使决策更加透明，从而更加易于沟通。通过收集和分析个别物种特定的措施，将来可以减少措施的数量，从而至少减少现有的目标冲突。出于内在原因促进生态过程的保护并遵循对自然性的现实解释可以提高新生物群在 NP 中的接受度。决策过程并没有解决这种冲突，但它确实使决策更加透明，从而更加易于沟通。通过收集和分析个别物种特定的措施，将来可以减少措施的数量，从而至少减少现有的目标冲突。出于内在原因促进生态过程的保护并遵循对自然性的现实解释可以提高新生物群在 NP 中的接受度。