The lunar surface has been exposed to the space environment for billions of years and during this time has accumulated records of a wide range of astrophysical phenomena. These include solar wind particles and the cosmogenic products of solar particle events which preserve a record of the past evolution of the Sun, and cosmogenic nuclides produced by high-energy galactic cosmic rays which potentially record the galactic environment of the Solar System through time. The lunar surface may also have accreted material from the local interstellar medium, including supernova ejecta and material from interstellar clouds encountered by the Solar System in the past. Owing to the Moon's relatively low level of geological activity, absence of an atmosphere, and, for much of its history, lack of a magnetic field, the lunar surface is ideally suited to collect these astronomical records. Moreover, the Moon exhibits geological processes able to bury and thus both preserve and ‘time-stamp' these records, although gaining access to them is likely to require a significant scientific infrastructure on the lunar surface. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades'.

中文翻译：

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月球表面作为天体物理过程的记录器

月球表面已经暴露在太空环境中数十亿年，在此期间积累了广泛的天体物理现象的记录。这些包括太阳风粒子和太阳粒子事件的宇宙生成产物，它们保存了太阳过去演化的记录，以及由高能银河宇宙射线产生的宇宙生成核素，它们可能随着时间的推移记录太阳系的银河环境。月球表面也可能有来自当地星际介质的吸积物质，包括超新星喷射物和太阳系过去遇到的星际云的物质。由于月球的地质活动水平相对较低，没有大气层，而且在其历史的大部分时间里，缺乏磁场，月球表面非常适合收集这些天文记录。此外，月球表现出能够掩埋这些记录的地质过程，因此既可以保存这些记录，也可以“加盖”这些记录，尽管获得这些记录可能需要在月球表面建立重要的科学基础设施。本文是“来自月球的天文学：未来几十年”的讨论会议问题的一部分。