Abstract: Since the identification of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s, a total of six coronaviruses that are known to affect humans have been identified: 229E, OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), NL63, HKU1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Presently, the human world is affected by a novel version of the coronavirus family known as SARS-CoV-2, which has an extremely high contagion rate. Although the infection fatality rate (IFR) of this rapidly spreading virus is not high (ranging from 0.00% to 1.54% across 51 different locations), the increasing number of infections and deaths has created a worldwide pandemic situation. To provide therapy to severely infected patients, instant therapeutic support is urgently needed and the repurposing of already approved drugs is presently in progress. In this regard, the development of nanoparticles as effective transporters for therapeutic drugs or as alternative medicines is highly encouraged and currently needed. The size range of the viruses is within 60– 140 nm, which is slightly larger than the diameters of nanoparticles, making nanomaterials efficacious tools with antiviral properties. Silver-based nanomaterials (AgNMs) demonstrate antimicrobial and disinfectant effects mostly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are presently considered as a versatile tool for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Other metal-based nanoparticles have been primarily reported as delivery agents or surface modifying agents, vaccine adjuvant against coronavirus. The present review summarizes and discusses the possible effectiveness of various surface-modified AgNMs against animal coronaviruses and presents a concept for AgNM-based therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in the near future.

Keywords: silver nanomaterials, coronavirus, silver nanocomposites, antiviral, SARS-CoV


中文翻译：

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银基纳米材料作为冠状病毒治疗剂：综述

摘要：自 20 世纪 60 年代鉴定出第一种人类冠状病毒以来，总共鉴定出 6 种已知影响人类的冠状病毒：229E、OC43、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）、NL63、HKU1 和中型冠状病毒。东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）。目前，人类世界受到新型冠状病毒家族SARS-CoV-2的影响，该病毒具有极高的传染率。尽管这种快速传播的病毒的感染死亡率（IFR）并不高（51个不同地点的感染死亡率为0.00%至1.54%），但不断增加的感染和死亡人数已造成全球大流行。为了向严重感染的患者提供治疗，迫切需要即时治疗支持，目前正在对已批准药物进行重新利用。在这方面，纳米颗粒的开发作为治疗药物的有效转运体或作为替代药物是受到高度鼓励和当前需要的。病毒的尺寸范围在60-140 nm之间，略大于纳米粒子的直径，使得纳米材料成为具有抗病毒特性的有效工具。银基纳米材料 (AgNM) 主要通过产生活性氧 (ROS) 表现出抗菌和消毒作用，目前被认为是治疗 COVID-19 患者的多功能工具。其他金属纳米颗粒主要被报道用作递送剂或表面改性剂、冠状病毒疫苗佐剂。本综述总结并讨论了各种表面修饰的 AgNM 对动物冠状病毒的可能有效性，并提出了在不久的将来基于 AgNM 治疗 SARS-CoV-2 的概念。

关键词：银纳米材料，冠状病毒，银纳米复合材料，抗病毒，SARS-CoV