SummaryPayments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes have been considered an important conservation mechanism to avoid deforestation. These environmental policies act in social and ecological contexts at different spatial scales. We evaluated the social-ecological fit between stakeholders and ecosystem processes in a local PES programme across three levels: social, ecological and social-ecological. We explored collaboration among stakeholders, assessed connectivity between forest units and evaluated conservation activity links between stakeholders and forest units. In addition, to increase programme effectiveness, we classified forest units based on their social and ecological importance. Our main findings suggest that non-governmental organizations occupy brokerage positions between landowners and government in a dense collaboration network. We also found a partial spatial misfit between conservation activity links and the forest units that provide the most hydrological services to Xalapa. We conclude that conservation efforts should be directed towards the middle and high part of the Pixquiac sub-watershed and that the role of non-governmental organizations as mediators should be strengthened to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the local PES programme.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯中部生态系统服务支付项目中的多层次社会生态网络

摘要生态系统服务（PES）计划的支付被认为是避免森林砍伐的重要保护机制。这些环境政策在不同空间尺度的社会和生态环境中发挥作用。我们评估了当地 PES 计划中利益相关者和生态系统过程之间的社会生态契合度，涵盖三个层面：社会、生态和社会生态。我们探索了利益相关者之间的合作，评估了森林单位之间的联系，并评估了利益相关者和森林单位之间的保护活动联系。此外，为了提高项目的有效性，我们根据森林单元的社会和生态重要性对其进行分类。我们的主要研究结果表明，非政府组织在密集的协作网络中占据土地所有者和政府之间的中介位置。我们还发现保护活动链接与为哈拉帕提供最多水文服务的森林单元之间存在部分空间错配。我们的结论是，保护工作应针对 Pixquiac 子流域的中部和高处，并且应加强非政府组织作为调解者的作用，以提高当地 PES 计划的效率和有效性。