Abstract. Permafrost regions store large amounts of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, which are major sources of greenhouse gas. With climate warming, permafrost regions are thawing, releasing an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and contributing to climate warming. Numerous studies have shown the mechanism of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the permafrost region during the growing season. However, little is known about the temporal pattern and drivers of nongrowing season N₂O emissions from the permafrost region. In this study, N₂O emissions from the permafrost region were investigated from June 2016 to June 2018 using the static opaque chamber method. Our aims were to quantify the seasonal dynamics of nongrowing season N₂O emissions and its contribution to the annual budget. The results showed that the N₂O emissions ranged from −35.75 to 74.16 μg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ during the nongrowing season in the permafrost region. The mean N₂O emission from the growing season were 1.75–2.86 times greater than that of winter and 1.31–1.53 times greater than that of spring thaw period due to the mean soil temperature of the different specified periods. The nongrowing season N₂O emissions ranged from 0.89 to 1.44 kg ha⁻¹, which contributed to 41.96–53.73 % of the annual budget, accounting for almost half of the annual emissions in the permafrost region. The driving factors of N₂O emissions were different among during the study period, growing season, and nongrowing season. The N₂O emissions from total two-year observation period and nongrowing season were mainly affected by soil temperature, while the N₂O emissions from growing season were controlled by soil temperature, water table level, and their interactions. In conclusion, nongrowing season N₂O emissions is an important component of annual emissions and cannot be ignored in the permafrost region.

中文翻译：

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东北连续多年冻土区非生长季节对年N ₂ O排放的贡献

摘要。多年冻土地区储存了大量的土壤有机碳和氮，这是温室气体的主要来源。随着气候变暖，多年冻土地区正在融化，向大气释放了大量的温室气体，并助长了气候变暖。大量研究表明，在生长季节中，多年冻土区的一氧化二氮（N ₂ O）排放机理。然而，对于永久冻土区非生长季节N ₂ O排放的时间模式和驱动因素知之甚少。在这项研究中，使用静态不透明腔室方法研究了2016年6月至2018年6月来自多年冻土区的N ₂ O排放。我们的目的是量化非生长季节N的季节动态₂ O排放及其对年度预算的贡献。结果表明，多年冻土区非生长季N ₂ O排放量为-35.75〜74.16μg·m ^-2 ·h ^-1。由于不同时期的平均土壤温度，生长季的平均N ₂ O排放量比冬季高1.75–2.86倍，比春季解冻期高1.31–1.53倍。非生长季节的N ₂ O排放量介于0.89至1.44 kg ha ^-1之间，占年度预算的41.96–53.73％，几乎占永久冻土地区年排放量的一半。N ₂的驱动因素在研究期间，生长期和非生长期中，O排放量均不同。N个₂的总为期两年的观察期和nongrowing赛季O排放主要受土壤温度，而N ₂从生长期O排放是由土壤温度，地下水位以及它们之间的相互作用来控制。总而言之，非生长季节的N ₂ O排放是年排放的重要组成部分，在多年冻土地区不容忽视。