Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation between the sample and correct comparison and (2) reduce control by irrelevant stimulus features. Previous reviews of symmetry in nonhumans indicated that multiple exemplar training and successive matching might encourage appropriate stimulus control. This review examined 16 studies that investigated symmetry in 94 subjects, including pigeons, rats, capuchin monkeys, and baboons. Several studies used alternative training procedures to minimize sources of irrelevant stimulus control, and many combined multiple exemplar training with other procedural modifications. Symmetry was observed in approximately 30% of subjects. Studies that reported the strongest evidence for symmetry used successive matching‐to‐sample procedures that included training on both symbolic and identity relations, and studies finding mixed evidence employed alternative methods. These studies highlight the challenge in creating training procedures that promote symmetry and the need to assess the underlying sources of control on positive demonstrations.

中文翻译：

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在非人类中寻找对称性的更新

Sidman 等人 (1982) 未能在猴子和狒狒中找到对称性（刺激之间的双向关联）的证据，这为数十年来研究非人类紧急关系的工作奠定了基础。他们将失败归因于使用的程序没有（1）根据样本和正确比较之间的关系促进刺激控制，以及（2）通过不相关的刺激特征减少控制。先前对非人类对称性的评论表明，多重样本训练和连续匹配可能会鼓励适当的刺激控制。本综述审查了 16 项研究，这些研究调查了 94 名受试者的对称性，包括鸽子、大鼠、卷尾猴和狒狒。几项研究使用替代训练程序来最大限度地减少无关刺激控制的来源，并且许多将多个示例训练与其他程序修改相结合。在大约 30% 的受试者中观察到对称性。报告对称性最强证据的研究使用了连续的样本匹配程序，包括对符号和身份关系的培训，而发现混合证据的研究则采用了替代方法。这些研究强调了创建促进对称性的培训程序的挑战，以及评估对积极示范的潜在控制来源的必要性。研究发现混合证据采用了替代方法。这些研究强调了创建促进对称性的培训程序的挑战，以及评估对积极示范的潜在控制来源的必要性。研究发现混合证据采用了替代方法。这些研究强调了创建促进对称性的培训程序的挑战，以及评估对积极示范的潜在控制来源的必要性。