Viticulture plays an important role in generating income for small farms globally. Historically, vineyards use large quantities of phytosanitary products, such as Bordeaux mixture [Ca(OH)₂ + CuSO₄], to control plant diseases. These products result in the accumulation of copper (Cu) in the soil and increases the risk of transfer to water bodies. Thus, it is important to evaluate whether the presence of Cu-bearing particles in water is toxic to aquatic fauna. This study conducted chemical, mineralogical, and particle size evaluations on water samples and sediments collected from a watershed predominantly cultivated with old vineyards. The proportion of Cu-rich nanoparticles (<10 nm) in the sediment was ~27%. We exposed zebrafish to different dilutions of water and sediment samples that collected directly from the study site (downstream river) under laboratory conditions. Then, we evaluated their exploratory behavior and the stress-related endocrine parameter, whole-body cortisol. We also carried out two experiments in which zebrafish were exposed to Cu. First, we determined the median lethal concentration (LC_{50–96 h}) of Cu and then assessed whether Cu exposure results in effects similar to those associated with exposure to the water and sediment samples collected from the study site. The water and sediment samples directly impacted the exploratory behavior of zebrafish, showing clear anxiety-like behavioral phenotype and stress in terms of cortisol increase (during the second rain event). The Cu exposure did not mimic the same behavioral changes triggered by the water and sediment samples, although it had caused similar stress in the fish. Our results highlight that even at low concentrations, the water and sediment samples from vineyard watershed runoff were able to induce behavioral and endocrine changes that may harm the ecological balance of an aquatic environment.

葡萄栽培在为全球小型农场创收方面发挥着重要作用。历史上，葡萄园使用大量的植物检疫产品，例如波尔多混合物[Ca（OH）₂  + CuSO ₄]，以控制植物病害。这些产品导致土壤中铜（Cu）的积累，并增加了转移到水体中的风险。因此，重要的是评估水中含铜颗粒是否对水生动物有毒。这项研究对水样和沉积物进行了化学，矿物学和粒度评估，这些水样和沉积物主要是由旧葡萄园栽培的流域收集的。沉积物中富含铜的纳米颗粒（<10 nm）的比例约为27％。我们将斑马鱼暴露于实验室条件下直接从研究地点（下游河道）直接收集的不同稀释度的水和沉积物样品中。然后，我们评估了他们的探索行为和与压力有关的内分泌参数，全身皮质醇。我们还进行了两个斑马鱼暴露于铜的实验。首先，我们确定了中位致死浓度（LC_{50-96 h}）的铜，然后评估铜的暴露是否会产生与暴露于从研究地点收集的水和沉积物样品相关的相似效应。水和沉积物样品直接影响斑马鱼的探索行为，显示出明显的焦虑样行为表型和皮质醇增加方面的压力（在第二次降雨事件中）。尽管铜暴露在鱼类中造成了相似的压力，但它并未模仿水和沉积物样品触发的相同行为变化。我们的研究结果表明，即使浓度很低，葡萄园流域径流中的水和沉积物样品也能够诱发行为和内分泌变化，从而可能损害水生环境的生态平衡。