The overproduction of free radicals can cause oxidative-stress damage to a range of biomolecules, and thus potentially contribute to several pathologies, from neurodegenerative disorders to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), play an important role in diminishing oxidative stress. SOD supplementation could therefore be an effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of free-radical overproduction. However, the efficacy of SOD administration is hampered by its rapid clearance. Several different approaches to improve the bioavailability of SOD have been explored in recent decades. This review intends to describe the rationale that underlie the various approaches and chemical strategies that have led to the most recent advances in SOD delivery. This critical description includes SOD conjugates, SOD loaded into particulate carriers (micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles) and the most promising and suitable formulations for oral delivery, with a particular emphasis on reports of preclinical/clinical results. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.

自由基的过度产生会导致一系列生物分子的氧化应激损伤，因此可能导致多种疾病，从神经变性疾病到心血管疾病和代谢疾病。内源性抗氧化酶，例如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），在减少氧化应激中起重要作用。因此，补充SOD可能是降低自由基过度生产风险的有效预防策略。但是，SOD施用的功效因其快速清除而受到阻碍。近几十年来，已经探索了几种提高SOD生物利用度的方法。这篇综述旨在描述基于各种方法和化学策略的基本原理，这些方法和方法导致了SOD输送的最新进展。关键说明包括SOD缀合物，装载到颗粒载体（胶束，脂质体，纳米颗粒，微粒）中的SOD，以及最有前途和最适合口服的制剂，尤其着重于临床前/临床结果的报道。还可能考虑并报告未来的方向。