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Structure and Mineralogy of Hydrophilic and Biwettable Sub-2 µm Clay Aggregates in Oil Sands Bitumen Froth
Minerals ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-21 , DOI: 10.3390/min10111040
Martin Couillard , Daniel D. Tyo , David M. Kingston , Bussaraporn Patarachao , Andre Zborowski , Samson Ng , Patrick H. J. Mercier

A primary concern of commercial mined oil sands operations is the extent to which one can minimize the content of water and solids contaminants in the solvent-diluted bitumen products resulting from the bitumen production processes. During bitumen production, particles of about 2 µm or less may be responsible for the stabilization of water-in-bitumen emulsions that form during aqueous extraction of bitumen and purification of bitumen froth subsequently during the froth treatment processes, thus leading to the presence of those contaminants in solvent-diluted bitumen products. In this study, we separate and analyze sub-2 µm clay solids isolated from typical bitumen froth fed to a froth treatment plant at a commercial mined oil sands operation. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with spatially-resolved energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrate key differences in morphology and composition between sub-2 µm clay aggregates with two distinct wettability characteristics: hydrophilic vs. biwettable particle surfaces. In particular, clay platelets with <200 nm lateral dimensions and thicknesses of a few atomic layers, which are intermixed within coarser sub-2 µm clay aggregates, are found to confer clear differences in morphological characteristics and wettability behaviors to the sub-2 µm clay aggregates. The <200 nm clay platelets found within sub-2 µm biwettable clays tend to arrange themselves with random orientations, whereas <200 nm clay platelets within sub-2 µm hydrophilic clays typically form well-ordered face-to-face stacks. Moreover, in biwettable sub-2 µm clay aggregates, <200 nm clay platelets often cover the surfaces of ~1–2 µm sized mineral particles, whereas similarly sized mineral particles in hydrophilic sub-2 µm clay aggregates, in contrast, generally have exposed surfaces without clay platelet coverage. These biwettable vs. hydrophilic behaviors are attributed to a difference in the surface characteristics of the <200 nm clay platelets caused by toluene-unextractable organic carbon coatings. Nanometer-scale carbon mapping reveals an inhomogeneous toluene-unextractable organic carbon coating on the surfaces of <200 nm platelets in biwettable clays. In contrast, hydrophilic clays have a significantly lower amount of toluene-unextractable organic carbon, which tends to be concentrated at steps or near metal oxide nanoparticles on clay particle surfaces. Mixing surface-active organic species, such as asphaltene, resin, or carboxylic organic acids of various types with inorganic solids can lead to a dramatically enhanced emulsion stability. Consequently, understanding the origin and characteristics of sub-2 µm clay solids in bitumen froth is important to (i) clarify their potential role in the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions during bitumen production and (ii) improve froth treatment process performance to further reduce contaminant solids in solvent-diluted bitumen products. We discuss the implications of our results from these two perspectives.

中文翻译:

油砂沥青泡沫中亲水且可润湿的亚2 µm黏土骨料的结构和矿物学

商业开采的油砂操作的主要关注点是,在何种程度上可以最大程度地减少沥青生产过程中溶剂稀释的沥青产品中水和固体污染物的含量。在沥青生产过程中,约2 µm或更小的颗粒可能有助于稳定沥青水的乳液,这些乳液在沥青的水萃取过程中以及随后在泡沫处理过程中对沥青泡沫的纯化过程中形成,从而导致这些水的存在。溶剂稀释的沥青产品中的污染物。在这项研究中,我们分离并分析了从典型的沥青泡沫中分离出的亚2 µm粘土固体,该泡沫是在商业开采的油砂作业中送入泡沫处理厂的。具有空间分辨的能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)和电子能量损失谱(EELS)的分析型透射电子显微镜(TEM)表明,亚2 µm黏土聚集体在形态和组成上存在关键差异,具有两个明显的润湿性:亲水性和可湿性颗粒表面。特别是,发现横向尺寸小于200 nm的粘土薄片和一些原子层的厚度混合在较粗的亚2 µm粘土聚集体中,从而赋予亚2 µm粘土明显的形态学特征和润湿性差异。聚集体。在低于2 µm的可湿性黏土中发现的<200 nm黏土血小板倾向于以随机方向排列,而< 在亚2 µm亲水性粘土中的200 nm粘土薄片通常会形成有序的面对面堆叠。此外,在可湿透的亚2 µm黏土聚集体中,<200 nm的粘土薄片通常覆盖约1-2 µm大小的矿物颗粒的表面,而亲水性的亚2 µm黏土聚集体中类似大小的矿物颗粒通常暴露在外。表面无粘土血小板覆盖。这些双润湿性与亲水性的关系归因于甲苯不可萃取的有机碳涂层引起的<200 nm粘土薄片的表面特性差异。纳米级碳测绘揭示了在可湿性黏土中<200 nm血小板的表面上存在不均匀的不可萃取的有机碳涂层。相反,亲水性粘土的甲苯不可萃取的有机碳含量低得多,它倾向于逐步或集中在粘土颗粒表面的金属氧化物纳米颗粒上。将表面活性有机物质(例如各种类型的沥青质,树脂或羧酸有机酸)与无机固体混合可以显着提高乳液稳定性。因此,了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用,以及(ii)改善泡沫处理过程的性能至关重要。进一步减少溶剂稀释沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。其倾向于集中在粘土颗粒表面上的台阶或附近的金属氧化物纳米颗粒上。将表面活性有机物质(例如各种类型的沥青质,树脂或羧酸有机酸)与无机固体混合可以显着提高乳液稳定性。因此,了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用,以及(ii)改善泡沫处理过程的性能至关重要。进一步减少溶剂稀释沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。其倾向于集中在粘土颗粒表面上的台阶或附近的金属氧化物纳米颗粒上。将表面活性有机物质(例如各种类型的沥青质,树脂或羧酸有机酸)与无机固体混合可以显着提高乳液稳定性。因此,了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用,以及(ii)改善泡沫处理过程的性能至关重要。进一步减少溶剂稀释沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。具有无机固体的各种类型的羧酸或羧酸有机酸可导致乳液稳定性大大提高。因此,了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用,以及(ii)改善泡沫处理过程的性能至关重要。进一步减少溶剂稀释沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。具有无机固体的各种类型的羧酸或羧酸有机酸可导致乳液稳定性大大提高。因此,了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用,以及(ii)改善泡沫处理过程的性能至关重要。进一步减少溶剂稀释沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用以及(ii)改善泡沫处理工艺性能以进一步提高其重要性很重要。减少溶剂稀释的沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。了解沥青泡沫中亚2 µm粘土固体的起源和特性对于(i)阐明其在沥青生产过程中形成稳定的油包水型乳液的潜在作用以及(ii)改善泡沫处理工艺性能以进一步提高其重要性很重要。减少溶剂稀释的沥青产品中的污染物固体。我们从这两个角度讨论结果的含义。
更新日期:2020-11-22
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