This study examines the influences of major climate variability modes on global extreme significant wave height (SWH) during 1992–2016 using merged satellite altimeter records and ERA5 reanalysis data set. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), and Southern Annular mode (SAM) are considered during December–February (DJF), March–May (MAM), June–August (JJA), and September–November (SON). A nonstationary generalized extreme value analysis is applied to seasonal maxima of SWH (Hmax) to identify the regions with significant impacts of climate variability. In addition to major impacts over the northeastern North Pacific (NP) and Maritime Continent during DJF, signature of ENSO in Hmax is observed over the southeast South Pacific during all seasons associated with the Pacific South America pattern and over the western NP during JJA and SON through the El Niño‐East Asian teleconnection mechanism. Notable contribution of NAO to North Atlantic Hmax, resulting from north‐south movement of storm track, is observed during DJF and MAM. Increased Hmax is concentrated around the northeast NP during the positive phase of NPO during DJF, which accompanies Aleutian low strengthening and suggests possible combined influence with ENSO. SAM influences on Hmax are characterized by a zonal pattern in the Southern mid‐ and high latitudes around the year, with seasonally distinct zonal extent and meridional shifts. Overall, the satellite and reanalysis data exhibit consistent results. Hmax responses are generally in accord with extreme wind and sea‐level pressure gradient amplitude, supporting the wind‐driven extreme wave mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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气候变化对全球极端海浪高度的影响：使用卫星数据和ERA5再分析的季节性评估

这项研究使用合并的卫星高度计记录和ERA5再分析数据集，研究了1992-2016年主要气候变化模式对全球极高波高度（SWH）的影响。在12月至2月（DJF），3月至5月（MAM），6月至8月期间，考虑了厄尔尼诺现象-南方涛动（ENSO），北大西洋涛动（NAO），北太平洋涛动（NPO）和南部环状模式（SAM） （JJA）和9-11月（SON）。将非平稳广义极值（GEV）分析应用于SWH的季节性最大值（Hmax），以识别对气候变异具有重大影响的区域。除了在DJF期间对东北太平洋（NP）和海事大陆产生重大影响之外，通过厄尔尼诺—东亚遥相关机制，在与太平洋南美洲格局有关的所有季节的整个南太平洋东南部，以及在JJA和SON期间，在西北NP上都观测到ENSO在Hmax上的信号。在DJF和MAM期间，观察到了NAO对北大西洋Hmax的显着贡献，这是由风暴轨道的南北运动引起的。在DJF期间，NPO的正相期间Hmax的增加集中在东北NP周围，这伴随阿留申低强度强化，并暗示可能与ENSO合并影响。SAM对Hmax的影响以一年中南部高纬度的纬向分布为特征，具有季节性不同的纬向范围和经向变化。总体而言，卫星和再分析数据显示出一致的结果。