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CMIP6 Historical Simulations (1850–2014) With GISS‐E2.1
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-21 , DOI: 10.1029/2019ms002034
Ron L. Miller 1, 2 , Gavin A. Schmidt 1 , Larissa S. Nazarenko 1, 3 , Susanne E. Bauer 1 , Maxwell Kelley 1, 4 , Reto Ruedy 1, 4 , Gary L. Russell 1 , Andrew S. Ackerman 1 , Igor Aleinov 1, 3 , Michael Bauer 1, 3 , Rainer Bleck 5, 6 , Vittorio Canuto 1 , Grégory Cesana 1, 3 , Ye Cheng 1, 3 , Thomas L. Clune 7 , Ben I. Cook 1 , Carlos A. Cruz 7, 8 , Anthony D. Del Genio 1 , Gregory S. Elsaesser 1, 2 , Greg Faluvegi 1, 3 , Nancy Y. Kiang 1 , Daehyun Kim 9 , Andrew A. Lacis 1 , Anthony Leboissetier 1, 4 , Allegra N. LeGrande 1 , Ken K. Lo 1, 4 , John Marshall 10 , Elaine E. Matthews 1 , Sonali McDermid 11 , Keren Mezuman 1, 3 , Lee T. Murray 12 , Valdar Oinas 1, 4 , Clara Orbe 1 , Carlos Pérez García‐Pando 13, 14 , Jan P. Perlwitz 1, 15 , Michael J. Puma 1, 3 , David Rind 1 , Anastasia Romanou 1 , Drew T. Shindell 16 , Shan Sun 6 , Nick Tausnev 1, 4 , Kostas Tsigaridis 1, 3 , George Tselioudis 1 , Ensheng Weng 1, 3 , Jingbo Wu 1, 2 , Mao‐Sung Yao 1, 4
Affiliation  

Simulations of the CMIP6 historical period 1850–2014, characterized by the emergence of anthropogenic climate drivers like greenhouse gases, are presented for different configurations of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Earth System ModelE2.1. The GISS‐E2.1 ensembles are more sensitive to greenhouse gas forcing than their CMIP5 predecessors (GISS‐E2) but warm less during recent decades due to a forcing reduction that is attributed to greater longwave opacity in the GISS‐E2.1 pre‐industrial simulations. This results in an atmosphere less sensitive to increases in opacity from rising greenhouse gas concentrations, demonstrating the importance of the base climatology to forcing and forced climate trends. Most model versions match observed temperature trends since 1979 from the ocean to the stratosphere. The choice of ocean model is important to the transient climate response, as found previously in CMIP5 GISS‐E2: the model that more efficiently exports heat to the deep ocean shows a smaller rise in tropospheric temperature. Model sea level rise over the historical period is traced to excessive drawdown of aquifers to meet irrigation demand with a smaller contribution from thermal expansion. This shows how fully coupled models can provide indirect observational constraints upon forcing, in this case, constraining irrigation rates with observed sea level changes. The overall agreement of GISS‐E2.1 with observed trends is familiar from evaluation of its predecessors, as is the conclusion that these trends are almost entirely anthropogenic in origin.

中文翻译:

带有GISS-E2.1的CMIP6历史模拟(1850–2014)

针对美国航空航天局戈达德太空研究所(GISS)地球系统ModelE2.1的不同配置,对以人为气候驱动因素(例如温室气体)的出现为特征的CMIP6历史时期1850-2014年进行了模拟。与以前的CMIP5(GISS-E2)相比,GISS-E2.1组合对温室气体强迫更敏感,但由于强迫减少而导致的近几十年来温暖程度降低,这归因于GISS-E2.1之前的较长波不透明度工业模拟。这导致大气对温室气体浓度升高引起的不透明度增加不敏感,这表明基本气候学对强迫和强迫气候趋势的重要性。自1979年以来,从海洋到平流层,大多数模型版本都符合观测到的温度趋势。正如先前在CMIP5 GISS-E2中发现的那样,海洋模型的选择对于瞬态气候响应很重要:更有效地将热量输出到深海的模型显示出对流层温度的上升幅度较小。在历史时期内,模型海平面上升的原因可归因于含水层的过度下降,以满足灌溉需求,而热膨胀的贡献较小。这表明完全耦合的模型如何在强迫作用下提供间接的观测约束,在这种情况下,约束灌溉速率与观测到的海平面变化。对GISS-E2.1的总体趋势与观察到的趋势的总体一致性可以通过对其前辈的评估来熟悉,这是这些趋势几乎完全是人为起源的结论。更有效地将热量输出到深海的模型显示出对流层温度的上升幅度较小。在历史时期内,模型海平面上升的原因可归因于含水层的过度下降,以满足灌溉需求,而热膨胀的贡献较小。这表明完全耦合的模型如何在强迫作用下提供间接的观测约束,在这种情况下,约束灌溉速率与观测到的海平面变化。对GISS-E2.1的总体趋势与观察到的趋势的总体一致性可以从其前辈的评估中获得,这是这些趋势几乎完全是人为起源的结论。更有效地将热量输出到深海的模型显示出对流层温度的上升幅度较小。在历史时期内,模型海平面上升的原因可归因于含水层的过度下降,以满足灌溉需求,而热膨胀的贡献较小。这表明完全耦合的模型如何在强迫作用下提供间接的观测约束,在这种情况下,约束灌溉速率与观测到的海平面变化。对GISS-E2.1的总体趋势与观察到的趋势的总体一致性可以通过对其前辈的评估来熟悉,这是这些趋势几乎完全是人为起源的结论。在历史时期内,模型海平面的上升可追溯到含水层的过度下降,以满足灌溉需求,而热膨胀的贡献较小。这表明完全耦合的模型如何在强迫作用下提供间接的观测约束,在这种情况下,约束灌溉速率与观测到的海平面变化。对GISS-E2.1的总体趋势与观察到的趋势的总体一致性可以通过对其前辈的评估来熟悉,这是这些趋势几乎完全是人为起源的结论。在历史时期内,模型海平面上升的原因可归因于含水层的过度下降,以满足灌溉需求,而热膨胀的贡献较小。这表明完全耦合的模型如何在强迫作用下提供间接的观测约束,在这种情况下,约束灌溉速率与观测到的海平面变化。对GISS-E2.1的总体趋势与观察到的趋势的总体一致性可以通过对其前辈的评估来熟悉,这是这些趋势几乎完全是人为起源的结论。
更新日期:2021-01-16
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