The increased urbanization and the drive for realizing smart cities have motivated extensive research and development in the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in order to deal with the increased traffic intensity. Yet, the scope of ITS is not limited to vehicles, as pedestrians are special road users that play an important role in affecting traffic, road infrastructure, and vehicle design. Pedestrians are deemed to be the most vulnerable road users and are the major sufferers of road-incident fatalities and injuries each year. Therefore, quite a few studies have focused on pedestrian’s support and safety. On the other hand, due to imperceptible behavior, a pedestrian may also negatively impact traffic efficiency and can thus be viewed as an obstacle for fully realizing the advantages of ITS. In addition, more issues related to pedestrians have been raised with the emergence of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). In this paper, we discuss different issues related to pedestrians as road users. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive survey and classification of the different solutions of pedestrian protection. Finally, we highlight technical gaps and point out possible future research directions.

为了应对日益增长的交通密度，城市化进程的加快和智能城市的实现推动了智能交通系统（ITS）领域的广泛研究与开发。但是，ITS的范围并不限于车辆，因为行人是特殊的道路使用者，在影响交通，道路基础设施和车辆设计方面起着重要作用。行人被认为是最脆弱的道路使用者，并且每年都是道路事故死亡和受伤的主要受害者。因此，许多研究集中在行人的支持和安全上。另一方面，由于行为不灵敏，行人也可能对交通效率产生负面影响，因此被视为完全实现ITS优势的障碍。此外，随着自动驾驶汽车（AV）的出现，与行人有关的问题也越来越多。在本文中，我们讨论了与行人作为道路使用者有关的不同问题。此外，我们对行人保护的不同解决方案进行了全面的调查和分类。最后，我们强调技术差距并指出未来可能的研究方向。