The exploitation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as drug delivery systems has grown exponentially due to their remarkable tunable properties, such as high surface area, chemical and physical stability, high loading and release capacities, distinct possibilities of particle and pore structures, as well as good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and easy clearance. However, the main exposure routes that exploit MSNs qualities, namely intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intratumoral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, nasal, dermal, and oral administrations, have been underreported to date. In addition, a better understanding of these administration routes can contribute to the development of smart MSNs-based nanoplatforms with interesting properties, such as high stability in physiological media, specificity and efficacy in theranostic applications, and further clinical translations. This review highlights the advantages and challenges of the administration routes aforementioned regarding the MSNs as drug delivery systems. It also shows how their properties can influence the interaction with biological media, and consequently, their biocompatibility, biodistribution, and clearance mostly in pre-clinical assays, in order to contribute to further MSNs-based nanoplatform clinical translations.

由于介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒（MSNs）具有显着的可调节特性，例如高表面积，化学和物理稳定性，高负载和释放能力，独特的颗粒和孔结构可能性，将介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒（MSNs）用作药物传递系统已呈指数增长。具有良好的生物相容性，生物降解性和易清除性。但是，迄今为止，利用MSNs品质的主要暴露途径（即静脉内，皮下，肌内，肿瘤内，眼科，肺，鼻，皮肤和口服给药）尚未被报道。此外，对这些给药途径的更好理解有助于基于智能MSNs的纳米平台的开发，这些平台具有令人感兴趣的特性，例如在生理介质中的高稳定性，在肿瘤治疗应用中的特异性和功效，以及进一步的临床翻译。这篇综述重点介绍了上述将MSN作为药物输送系统的给药途径的优势和挑战。它还显示了它们的特性如何影响与生物介质的相互作用，从而主要在临床前测定中影响了它们的生物相容性，生物分布和清除率，从而有助于进一步的基于MSNs的纳米平台临床翻译。