The nexus of gender-agriculture-emissions reduction is one of the least explored areas related to agriculture and climate change. This nexus plays an important role in the areas where women’s participation in agriculture is high, and the contribution of the agricultural sector to total emission is significant. This study generates evidence on women’s labor contribution in rice cultivation and potential reduction of their labor drudgery, including GHG mitigation co-benefits with the adoption of direct seeding and machine transplanting technologies. Using a large number of plot-level data (11,987 data points) from the rice-growing regions of India, the study shows that changing rice production technology from conventional to direct-seeded rice (DSR) and/or machine-transplanted rice (MTR) offers huge potential to reduce women’s labor in rice planting (745 million labor-days for DSR and 610 million labor-days for MTR) and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission (34 MtCO2e for DSR and 7 MtCO2e for MTR) at the same time. This potential differs from the agro-ecological region, the level of input use, and women’s involvement in rice cultivation. The realization of this gender-responsive GHG mitigation strategy depends on the adoption of these technologies, which rely on several social, economic, and political factors. At the same time, the immense potential for negative implications for some specific groups should not be ignored, but focused on addressing and mitigating those challenges.

中文翻译：

---

印度水稻种植温室气体减排方案的性别影响

性别-农业-减排之间的联系是与农业和气候变化相关的探索最少的领域之一。这种联系在妇女参与农业的比例较高的地区发挥着重要作用，农业部门对总排放量的贡献很大。这项研究提供了关于女性在水稻种植中的劳动贡献和潜在减少劳动苦力的证据，包括采用直接播种和机器移栽技术的温室气体减排协同效益。使用来自印度水稻种植区的大量地块级数据（11,987 个数据点），研究表明，将水稻生产技术从传统水稻转为直播水稻 (DSR) 和/或机种水稻 (MTR) 为减少妇女在水稻种植中的劳动提供了巨大的潜力（DSR 为 7.45 亿个劳动日，6.1 亿个劳动日）天）和温室气体 (GHG) 排放（DSR 为 34 MtCO2e，MTR 为 7 MtCO2e）。这种潜力不同于农业生态区、投入物使用水平以及妇女参与水稻种植。这种性别敏感的温室气体减排战略的实现取决于这些技术的采用，这些技术依赖于几个社会、经济和政治因素。同时，不应忽视对某些特定群体产生负面影响的巨大潜力，而应将重点放在应对和减轻这些挑战上。