Approximate computing is an advanced computational technique that trades the accuracy of computation results for better utilization of system resources. It has emerged as a new preferable paradigm over traditional computing architectures for many applications where inaccurate results are acceptable. However, approximate computing also introduces security vulnerabilities mainly due to the fact that the uncertain and unpredictable intrinsic errors during approximate execution may be indistinguishable from malicious modification of the input data, the execution process, and the results. On the other hand, interestingly, approximate computing presents new opportunities to secure the system and the computation. Existing work on the security of approximate computing covers threat models, countermeasures, and evaluations but lacks a framework for analysis and comparison. In this article, we provide a classification of the state-of-the-art works in this research field, including threat models in approximate computing and promising security approaches using approximate computing. Open questions and potential future research directions are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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近似计算中的安全性和近似计算的安全性：挑战与机遇

近似计算是一种先进的计算技术，它以计算结果的准确性来换取更好地利用系统资源。对于许多可接受不准确结果的应用程序，它已成为优于传统计算架构的新范式。然而，近似计算也引入了安全漏洞，主要是由于近似执行过程中不确定和不可预测的内在错误可能与对输入数据、执行过程和结果的恶意修改无法区分。另一方面，有趣的是，近似计算为保护系统和计算提供了新的机会。关于近似计算安全性的现有工作包括威胁模型、对策、和评价，但缺乏分析和比较的框架。在本文中，我们对这一研究领域的最新成果进行了分类，包括近似计算中的威胁模型和使用近似计算的有前途的安全方法。还讨论了未解决的问题和潜在的未来研究方向。