Conflict is one of the important factors affecting user satisfaction and trust in smart environments, yet conflict modeling in mixed initiative smart environments has not been sufficiently explored. Most of the existing literature on conflict in smart homes are centered on conflicts between users. Although research has shown that about 75% of conflicts are between users and system [1], only a few studies have considered user-system conflicts in smart homes. The aim of this article is to empirically propose both a definition and a run-time detection method for conflicts between users and smart home systems. Our empirical study is based on conflict sample scenarios collected from 163 users. Using clustering on these scenarios, we form an empirical definition of user-system conflict in smart homes. We also propose two functions that characterize each class of the collected scenarios, and we detect conflicts from this characterization. Our conflict detection model could help users achieve a more satisfactory experience in smart homes. Moreover, the model can offer benefits for system developers to design and deploy more reliable smart homes.

中文翻译：

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智能家居中用户系统交互冲突建模的实证方法


冲突是影响智能环境中用户满意度和信任的重要因素之一，但混合主动智能环境中的冲突建模尚未得到充分探索。大多数关于智能家居冲突的现有文献都集中在用户之间的冲突上。尽管研究表明约 75% 的冲突发生在用户和系统之间 [1]，但只有少数研究考虑了智能家居中的用户与系统冲突。本文的目的是根据经验提出用户与智能家居系统之间冲突的定义和运行时检测方法。我们的实证研究基于从 163 个用户收集的冲突样本场景。在这些场景中使用聚类，我们形成了智能家居中用户系统冲突的经验定义。我们还提出了两个函数来表征所收集场景的每一类，并从该表征中检测冲突。我们的冲突检测模型可以帮助用户在智能家居中获得更满意的体验。此外，该模型可以为系统开发人员设计和部署更可靠的智能家居提供好处。