Bombyliidae is a very species-rich and widespread family of parasitoid flies with more than 250 genera classified into 17 extant subfamilies. However, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present-day diversity was shaped. Transcriptomes of 15 species and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) sequence captures of 86 species, representing 94 bee fly species and 14 subfamilies, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bombyliidae. We integrated data from transcriptomes across each of the main lineages in our AHE tree to build a data set with more genes (550 loci versus 216 loci) and higher support levels. Our overall results show strong congruence with the current classification of the family, with 11 out of 14 included subfamilies recovered as monophyletic. Heterotropinae and Mythicomyiinae are successive sister groups to the remainder of the family. We examined the evolution of key morphological characters through our phylogenetic hypotheses and show that neither the “sand chamber subfamilies” nor the “Tomophthalmae” are monophyletic in our phylogenomic analyses. Based on our results, we reinstate two tribes at the subfamily level (Phthiriinae stat. rev. and Ecliminae stat. rev.) and we include the genus Sericosoma Macquart (previously incertae sedis) in the subfamily Oniromyiinae, bringing the total number of bee fly subfamilies to 19. Our dating analyses indicate a Jurassic origin of the family (165–194 Ma), with the sand chamber evolving early in bee fly evolution, in the late Jurassic or mid-Cretaceous (100–165 Ma). We hypothesize that the angiosperm radiation and the hothouse climate established during the late Cretaceous accelerated the diversification of bee flies, by providing an expanded range of resources for the parasitoid larvae and nectarivorous adults.

中文翻译：

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系统基因组学揭示了蜂蝇（双翅目：Bombyliidae）白垩纪晚期的加速多样化

Bombyliidae 是一个物种非常丰富且分布广泛的寄生蝇科，共有 250 多个属，分为 17 个现存亚科。然而，人们对它们的进化历史或它们今天的多样性是如何形成的知之甚少。15 个物种的转录组和 86 个物种的锚定杂交富集 (AHE) 序列捕获，代表 94 个蜂蝇物种和 14 个亚科，用于重建 Bombyliidae 的系统发育。我们整合了 AHE 树中每个主要谱系的转录组数据，以构建具有更多基因（550 个基因座对 216 个基因座）和更高支持水平的数据集。我们的总体结果显示与当前的科分类高度一致，14 个亚科中有 11 个恢复为单系。Heterotropinae 和 Mythicomyiinae 是家族其他成员的连续姐妹群。我们通过系统发育假设检查了关键形态特征的进化，并表明在我们的系统发育分析中，“沙室亚科”和“Tomophthalmae”都不是单系的。根据我们的结果，我们在亚科级别恢复了两个部落（Phthiriinae stat. rev. 和 Ecliminae stat. rev.），我们包括了该属Sericosoma Macquart（以前是incertae sedis）在 Oniromyiinae 亚科中，使蜂蝇亚科的总数达到 19 个。我们的测年分析表明该科起源于侏罗纪（165-194 Ma），沙室在蜂蝇进化早期进化，在侏罗纪晚期或白垩纪中期（100-165 Ma）。我们假设被子植物辐射和白垩纪晚期建立的温室气候加速了蜂蝇的多样化，为寄生蜂幼虫和食蜜成虫提供了更多的资源。