At the forefront of the battle against pathogens or any endogenously released molecules, toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play an important role as the most noble pattern recognition receptors. The ability of these receptors in distinguishing “self” and “non‐self” antigens is a cornerstone in the innate immunity system; however, misregulation links inflammatory responses to the development of human cancers. It has been known for some time that aberrant expression and regulation of TLRs not only endows cancer cells an opportunity to escape from the immune system but also supports them through enhancing proliferation and angiogenesis. Over the past decades, cancer research studies have witnessed a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR modulators and some of the agents have exceptionally performed well in advanced clinical trials. In the present review, we have provided a comprehensive review of different TLR agonists and antagonists and discuss their limitations, toxicities, and challenges to outline their future incorporation in cancer treatment strategies.

中文翻译：

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癌症中的 Toll 样受体 (TLR)；广泛关注 TLR 激动剂和拮抗剂

在对抗病原体或任何内源性释放分子的最前沿，Toll 样受体 (TLR) 作为最高贵的模式识别受体发挥着重要作用。这些受体区分“自身”和“非自身”抗原的能力是先天免疫系统的基石；然而，失调将炎症反应与人类癌症的发展联系起来。一段时间以来，众所周知，TLR 的异常表达和调节不仅赋予癌细胞逃离免疫系统的机会，而且还通过增强增殖和血管生成来支持它们。在过去的几十年里，癌症研究见证了 TLR 调节剂领域的许多临床前和临床突破，其中一些药物在高级临床试验中表现出色。在本综述中，我们对不同的 TLR 激动剂和拮抗剂进行了全面综述，并讨论了它们的局限性、毒性和挑战，以概述它们未来在癌症治疗策略中的应用。