Sepsis and septic shock are still a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in intensive care units worldwide. Sepsis is an uncontrolled and excessive response of the innate immune system toward the invading infectious microbes, characterized by the hyper‐production of pro‐inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor‐necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In severe sepsis, the overwhelming production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species may compromise organ function and lead to the induction of abnormal apoptosis in different organs, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. Hence, compounds that are able to attenuate inflammatory responses may have therapeutic potential for sepsis treatment. Understanding the pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanisms of sepsis may provide useful insights in the discovery and development of new effective therapeutics. Therefore, numerous studies have invested much effort into elucidating the mechanisms involved with the onset and development of sepsis. The present review mainly focuses on the molecules and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of sepsis. Additionally, several well‐known natural bioactive herbal compounds and phytochemicals, which have shown protective and therapeutic effects with regard to sepsis, as well as their mechanisms of action, are presented. This review suggests that these phytochemicals are able to attenuate the overwhelming inflammatory responses developed during sepsis by modulating different signaling pathways. Moreover, the anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective activities of phytochemicals make them potent compounds to be included as complementary therapeutic agents in the diets of patients suffering from sepsis in an effort to alleviate sepsis and its life‐threatening complications, such as multi‐organ failure.

中文翻译：

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植物化学物质在败血症中的作用：机械和治疗的观点

脓毒症和脓毒性休克仍然是全球重症监护病房死亡率和发病率的主要原因。脓毒症是先天免疫系统对入侵感染性微生物的一种不受控制的过度反应，其特征是促炎介质如白细胞介素 (IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-的过度产生。 α 和高迁移率组框 1（HMGB1）。在严重脓毒症中，促炎细胞因子和活性氧的大量产生可能会损害器官功能并导致不同器官异常凋亡的诱导，从而导致多器官功能障碍综合征和死亡。因此，能够减轻炎症反应的化合物可能具有治疗脓毒症的潜力。了解败血症的病理生理学和潜在的分子机制可能为发现和开发新的有效疗法提供有用的见解。因此，许多研究投入了大量精力来阐明败血症的发生和发展所涉及的机制。本综述主要关注与脓毒症致病性相关的分子和信号通路。此外，还介绍了几种众所周知的天然生物活性草药化合物和植物化学物质，它们已显示出对败血症的保护和治疗作用，以及它们的作用机制。这篇综述表明，这些植物化学物质能够通过调节不同的信号通路来减弱脓毒症期间产生的强烈炎症反应。而且，