Recent years have seen rapid advances in the field of molecular and genomic pathology that have not only improved understanding of esophageal carcinogenesis and tumor immune environment in general but also have reshaped pathology practice and clinical management. In this article, we provide updates on three topics (1) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, the first and most important biomarker in targeted therapy of esophageal cancer; (2) programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1, recent biomarkers that have shown promise in treating both esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; and (3) human papillomavirus involvement in esophageal carcinogenesis, one of the most debated topics in the field, discussed here with a renewed understanding from recent genomic and molecular data.

中文翻译：

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食管癌分子和基因组病理学的选定更新

近年来，分子和基因组病理学领域取得了快速进展，不仅提高了对食管癌发生和肿瘤免疫环境的总体认识，而且重塑了病理学实践和临床管理。在本文中，我们提供了三个主题的更新：(1) 人类表皮生长因子受体 2，这是食管癌靶向治疗中第一个也是最重要的生物标志物；(2) 程序性死亡 1/程序性死亡配体 1，最近的生物标志物在治疗食管腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌方面显示出前景；(3) 人乳头瘤病毒参与食管癌的发生，这是该领域最具争议的话题之一，这里讨论了对最近的基因组和分子数据的重新理解。