Several commentaries have suggested that the overconsumption of animal foods exerts several detrimental effects on human and environmental health. However, no studies have accurately estimated the impact of a reduction in animal food consumption on mortality due to the direct effects on metabolic health (i.e. animal protein and saturated fat intake as modulators of pathways leading to cardiovascular disease, cancer and accelerated ageing), and indirect effects on health due to excessive exposure to pollutants (i.e. PM₁₀ concentrations originated by livestock ammonia emissions).

The proposed modelling approach is innovative since it integrates social acceptability, environmental and health impacts. It is adopted to investigate different scenarios at a regional scale presenting the Lombardy region case study. The work focuses on the impact on the human and environmental health of diets characterized by three different animal protein intake levels. Our integrated assessment modelling approach faces the issue from two points of view. On one side, it estimates the mortality due to the population exposure to PM₁₀ concentrations including the inorganic fraction originated by livestock ammonia emissions, on the other, it evaluates the mortality (i.e. total, cardiovascular and cancer) due to high dietary animal protein and/or saturated fat intake. The impacts of the mentioned animal protein intake levels of diets are also estimated through the people willingness to change their eating behaviour. The importance of putting in place end-of-pipe and energy measures in order to reduce ammonia and methane emissions from the breeding activities, going further the current EU legislation on air quality and climate, is emphasized.

几条评论表明，动物性食品的过度消费对人类和环境健康产生了若干不利影响。然而，由于对代谢健康的直接影响（即动物蛋白和饱和脂肪摄入作为导致心血管疾病，癌症和加速衰老的途径的调节剂）的直接影响，尚无研究能够准确估算出减少动物食品摄入量对死亡率的影响，以及过度暴露于污染物（例如，牲畜氨气排放引起的PM ₁₀浓度）对健康的间接影响。

拟议的建模方法具有创新性，因为它整合了社会可接受性，环境和健康影响。它用于介绍伦巴第大区案例研究的区域规模的不同情景。这项工作着眼于以三种不同动物蛋白摄入量为特征的饮食对人类和环境健康的影响。我们的综合评估建模方法从两个角度解决了这个问题。一方面，它估计了由于人群暴露于PM ₁₀而导致的死亡率另一方面，该浓度包括由牲畜氨气排放产生的无机部分的浓度，可评估由于高饮食动物蛋白和/或饱和脂肪摄入而导致的死亡率（即总死亡率，心血管疾病和癌症）。饮食中提到的动物蛋白质摄入量的影响也通过人们改变饮食行为的意愿来估算。强调了采取管道末端和能源措施以减少育种活动中的氨和甲烷排放的重要性，并进一步推动了欧盟目前有关空气质量和气候的立法。