The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered great global public health concern. Face masks are essential tools to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from human to human. However, there are still challenges to prolong the serving life and maintain the filtering performance of the current commercial mask. Filters composed of ultrafine fibers with diameter down to tens of nanometers have the potential to physically block viruses. With adjustable composition and nanostructures, the electrospun ultrafine fiber filter is possible to achieve other necessary functions beyond virus blocking, such as antiviral, transparent, and degradable, making it an important part of fighting the epidemic. In this review, beginning with the basic information of the viruses, we summarize the knowledge of masks and respirators, including the filtering mechanism, structure, classification, and standards. We further present the fabrication method, filtering performance, and reusable potential of electrospun ultrafine fiber-based masks. In the end, we discuss the development directions of ultrafine fibers in protective devices, especially their new functional applications and possible contributions in the prevention and control of the epidemic.

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的爆发引发了全球公共卫生的巨大关注。口罩是减少 SARS-CoV-2 在人与人之间传播的重要工具。然而，目前商用口罩的延长使用寿命和保持过滤性能仍存在挑战。由直径小至数十纳米的超细纤维组成的过滤器具有物理阻挡病毒的潜力。静电纺超细纤维过滤材料具有可调节的成分和纳米结构，可以实现病毒阻断之外的其他必要功能，如抗病毒、透明、可降解等，使其成为抗击疫情的重要组成部分。本篇综述从病毒的基本信息入手，总结了口罩和呼吸器的相关知识，包括过滤机制、结构、分类、标准等。我们进一步介绍了静电纺超细纤维口罩的制造方法、过滤性能和可重复使用潜力。最后，我们讨论了超细纤维在防护用品中的发展方向，特别是其新的功能应用以及在疫情防控中可能做出的贡献。