The aquatic environment is the major recipient of wastes containing nanoparticles and other contaminants. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPTiO₂) are one of the most produced and used nanoparticle worldwide. This study investigated the toxicity of NPTiO₂, as well as the toxicity interaction between NPTiO₂ and lead (Pb), in response to genetic and biochemical biomarkers using freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen, as an animal model. The results showed genotoxicity in blood and kidney tissues. No effect of NPTiO₂ alone or in co-exposure with Pb on liver genotoxicity were observed. Alterations in the antioxidant hepatic enzymes activities, as well as alterations in glutathione levels indicated that NPTiO₂ alone or in co-exposure with Pb can cause antioxidant imbalance. The lipid peroxidation was also raised after exposure to NPTiO₂. In general, the results of this study indicated that both NPTiO₂ alone and their co-exposure with Pb are capable of producing significant toxic effects in short-term exposure.

水生环境是含有纳米颗粒和其他污染物的废物的主要接收者。二氧化钛纳米颗粒（NPTiO ₂）是全球生产和使用最广泛的纳米颗粒之一。本研究使用淡水鱼Rhamdia quelen作为动物模型，对NPTiO ₂的毒性以及NPTiO ₂与铅（Pb）之间的毒性相互作用进行了研究，以响应遗传和生化标志物。结果显示了血液和肾脏组织的遗传毒性。没有观察到单独或与铅共暴露的NPTiO ₂对肝脏遗传毒性的影响。抗氧化剂肝酶活性的改变以及谷胱甘肽水平的改变表明NPTiO₂单独或与Pb共同暴露会导致抗氧化剂失衡。暴露于NPTiO ₂后，脂质过氧化作用也升高。总的来说，这项研究的结果表明，单独的NPTiO ₂及其与Pb的共同暴露都能够在短期暴露中产生显着的毒性作用。