Xenobiotics are worldwide distributed and humans are unavoidably exposed to multiple chemical compounds during life, from preconception to adulthood. The human microbiota is mainly settled during early life and modulate host health and fitness. One of the main routes for chemical exposure is by intake of contaminated food and water. Thus, the interplay between diet-xenobiotics-microbiota during pregnancy and perinatal period may have relevant consequences for infant and adult health. Maternal exposure to metal(oid)s, persistent organic pollutants, and some food additives can modify the infant’s microbiota with unknown consequences for child or adult health. Toxicants’ exposure may also modulate the maternal transfer of microorganisms to the progeny during birth and breastfeeding; however, scarce information is available. The rapid increase in releasing novel chemicals to the environment, the exposure to chemical mixtures, the chronic/low dose scenario, and the delay in science-stakeholders action call for novel and groundbreaking approaches to improve a comprehensive risk assessment in sensitive population groups like pregnant women and neonates, with emphasis on microbiota as modulating factor and target-organ of xenobiotic’s toxicity.

从异物形成到成年，异生素在世界范围内分布，人类在生命中不可避免地会暴露于多种化学物质。人类微生物群主要在生命早期定居，并调节宿主的健康状况。化学暴露的主要途径之一是摄入被污染的食物和水。因此，怀孕和围产期饮食-异生微生物-微生物群之间的相互作用可能对婴儿和成人健康产生相关影响。孕妇暴露于金属（类固醇），持久性有机污染物和某些食品添加剂会改变婴儿的微生物群，对儿童或成人健康造成未知的后果。毒物的暴露也可能会调节出生和哺乳期间母亲向后代的微生物转移；但是，缺乏可用的信息。