The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) and sewage sludge are considered as solutions to the limited water resource and sludge disposal issues, respectively. The associated environmental and human health risks need to be analyzed to assess whether they are safe solutions or not. This paper discusses issues that relate to the accumulation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AR) determinants in agricultural lands and crops, following TWW irrigation and biosolid amendment. Exposure assessment and dose-response assessment are the two important aspects of risk assessment discussed in this paper. Finally, research gaps in current knowledge that are relevant to a comprehensive and quantitative AR risk assessment were identified which includes: 1.) Studies on soil conditions that increase the frequency of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between the native soil resistome and pathogenic microbes in biosolids and TWW 2.) Holistic studies that examine the accumulation or dissipation of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the irrigation/biosolids application stage to crop consumption stage 3.) The influences of soil environmental conditions (e.g. salinity, nutrients) on the fate of ARB and ARGs in soil and translocation in edible plants 4.) The development of dose-response models for quantifying the risks of infection due to ARB.

处理废水（TWW）和污水污泥的再利用分别被认为是解决有限的水资源和污泥处置问题的方法。需要分析相关的环境和人类健康风险，以评估它们是否是安全的解决方案。本文讨论了在TWW灌溉和生物固形物改良之后，与农田和农作物中抗生素的积累和抗生素抗性（AR）决定因素有关的问题。暴露评估和剂量反应评估是本文讨论的风险评估的两个重要方面。最后，确定了与全面和定量的AR风险评估相关的当前知识方面的研究差距，其中包括：1。