Domain-specific cognitive training treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders rely on accurate and reliable identification of specific underlying deficits and biases in neurocognitive functions. Once identified, such biases can serve as specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Clinical translations typically reflect mechanized training protocols designed to rectify the identified biases. Here, we review and synthesize research on key neurocognitive processes that emerge as potential targets for specialized cognitive training interventions in pediatric anxiety disorders in the domains of attention, interpretation, error monitoring, working memory, and fear learning. For each domain, we describe the current status of target establishment (i.e., an association between pediatric anxiety and a specific neurocognitive process), and then review extant translational efforts regarding these targets and the evidence supporting their clinical utility in youths. We then localize each of the domains within the path leading to efficacious, evidence-supported treatments for pediatric anxiety, providing a roadmap for future research. The review indicates that specific cognitive targets in pediatric anxiety have been established in all the reviewed domains except for fear learning, where a clear target is yet to be elucidated. In contrast, evidence for clinical efficacy emerged only in the threat-related attention domain, with some preliminary findings in the domains of interpretation and working memory. The path to clinical translation in the domain of error monitoring is yet unclear. Implications and potential avenues for future research and translation are discussed.

中文翻译：

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回顾针对小儿焦虑症的基于领域的新兴治疗方法

针对小儿焦虑症的特定领域认知训练治疗依赖于准确可靠地识别神经认知功能中特定的潜在缺陷和偏差。一旦确定，这些偏差就可以作为治疗干预的具体目标。临床翻译通常反映旨在纠正已识别偏差的机械化培训协议。在这里，我们回顾并综合了关于关键神经认知过程的研究，这些过程是在注意力、解释、错误监控、工作记忆和恐惧学习等领域成为儿科焦虑症专业认知训练干预的潜在目标。对于每个领域，我们描述了目标建立的当前状态（即，儿科焦虑与特定神经认知过程之间的关联），然后回顾现有的关于这些目标的转化工作以及支持它们在青少年中的临床效用的证据。然后，我们将路径中的每个领域定位为有效的、有证据支持的儿童焦虑症治疗方法，为未来的研究提供路线图。审查表明，除恐惧学习外，所有审查领域都建立了儿科焦虑的特定认知目标，其中明确的目标尚未阐明。相比之下，临床疗效的证据仅出现在与威胁相关的注意力领域，在解释和工作记忆领域有一些初步发现。错误监测领域的临床转化路径尚不清楚。讨论了未来研究和翻译的影响和潜在途径。