Abstract: In the current chapter, a new strategic compilation of phytochemicals with potent antitumor properties has been addressed, most importantly focusing on cell cycle arrest and apoptotic signaling mechanism. A promising approach in tumor prevention is to eliminate cancer cells preferably via cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death with lesser harm to neighboring normal cells. Cancer cells have a survival advantage to escape apoptosis and relentlessly divide to proliferate, gearing up the cell cycle process. Recently, the use of phytochemical-derived conjugated chemotherapeutic agents has increased dramatically owing to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, low resistance, and dynamic physiochemical properties discriminating normal cells in the treatment of various cancer types. For decades, biomedical investigations have targeted cell cycle and apoptotic cell death mechanism as an effective cancer-killing tool for systemically assessing the potential biological interactions of functional phytocompounds compared to its synthetic counterparts during their complete life cycles from entry, biodistribution, cellular/molecular interactions to excretion. Newly emerging nanotechnology application in anticancer drug formulations has revolutionized cancer therapy. Tissue-specific phyto-nanomedicine plays a vital role in advanced cancer diagnostics using liposome, micelle, and nanoparticles as a precise and effective delivery vehicle. This chapter specifically focuses on the therapeutic phytomolecules approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) along with phyto-chemopreventives currently on clinical trials (Phase-I/II/III/IV). Besides, detailed coverage is given to the FDA-approved nanotechnology-based formulations only in the areas of cancer theranostics via cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathways including present challenges and future perspectives.

Keywords: phytochemicals, cancer therapeutics, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, chemo-preventive agents, clinical trials


中文翻译：

---

用于先进癌症治疗诊断的基于植物化学的纳米医学：临床试验到临床应用的展望

摘要：在本章中，我们讨论了具有有效抗肿瘤特性的植物化学物质的新战略汇编，最重要的是关注细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡信号传导机制。预防肿瘤的一种有前途的方法是优选通过细胞周期停滞和程序性细胞死亡来消除癌细胞，同时对邻近正常细胞的伤害较小。癌细胞具有逃避凋亡的生存优势，并不断分裂增殖，加速细胞周期过程。最近，由于其生物相容性、低细胞毒性、低耐药性和区分正常细胞的动态理化特性，植物化学衍生的共轭化疗剂的使用急剧增加，用于治疗各种癌症类型。几十年来，生物医学研究一直将细胞周期和细胞凋亡机制作为有效的抗癌工具，用于系统地评估功能性植物化合物与其合成对应物在从进入、生物分布、细胞/分子相互作用的整个生命周期中的潜在生物相互作用。至排泄。新兴的纳米技术在抗癌药物配方中的应用彻底改变了癌症治疗。组织特异性植物纳米医学利用脂质体、胶束和纳米颗粒作为精确有效的递送载体，在先进癌症诊断中发挥着至关重要的作用。本章特别关注美国食品和药物管理局（FDA，美国）批准的治疗性植物分子以及目前正在进行临床试验（I/II/III/IV 期）的植物化学预防剂。此外，仅在通过细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡途径进行癌症治疗诊断领域，对 FDA 批准的基于纳米技术的制剂进行了详细介绍，包括当前的挑战和未来的前景。

关键词：植物化学物质、癌症治疗、细胞凋亡、细胞周期阻滞、化学预防剂、临床试验