Specific particle material properties such as conductivity, cohesion, and density have been neither directly nor thoroughly studied regarding particle behavior in an electrostatic field and the follow-on impact this has on the electrostatic formation of liquid marbles. In this method, an applied electric field drives the extraction of particles from a bed and their transport to a pendent, earthed water droplet. Herein, prior studies of electrostatic formation of particle-stabilized droplets and liquid marbles have been expanded to compare the impact of density using the spherical polystyrene (PS) latex and glass particles of similar shape and size. The addition of thin polymer shells to both samples, which increases the conductivity and cohesion, allows the interplay of these three properties to be examined systematically. Separation distances between the particle bed and the droplet from which particles can initially be extracted increase as the negative applied potential increases. Initial extraction distances of both core particles were found to be similar, ∼1.5 mm at 2.0 kV applied potential, despite the greater density, and thus mass of the glass particles. It is demonstrated that this is a result of competitive interactions between particle density, conductivity, and cohesion; PS is less conductive and more cohesive than glass. Introducing a polypyrrole shell increases the separation distance for extraction to approximately 4 mm for PS core particles but has little impact on glass core particles, demonstrating that for particles with constant conductivity and cohesion reducing the density facilitates extraction. Modeling and quantification of extraction threshold forces for each particle type were undertaken, utilizing the measurement of a radially symmetric area of the particle bed from which particles were observed in the initial extraction stages. This measurement highlighted that it is significantly easier to extract PS compared to glass, with particles extracted from a region in the bed up to 5 times the width in the PS case. Particle density is hypothesized to not be the determining factor in the stabilization of the coated liquid droplets; therefore, the interplay of a multitude of physical properties must be considered when determining the suitability of particulate materials for this electrostatic method.

中文翻译：

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探索颗粒材料性能对静电液体大理石形成的影响

关于颗粒在静电场中的行为及其对液体大理石静电形成的后续影响，既没有直接也没有彻底研究过特定的颗粒材料特性，例如电导率，内聚力和密度。在这种方法中，施加的电场驱使颗粒从床中提取出来，然后运到悬垂的接地水滴上。在此，已经扩大了对静电稳定的液滴和液态大理石形成静电的现有研究，以比较球形聚苯乙烯（PS）乳胶和形状和大小相似的玻璃颗粒对密度的影响。将薄的聚合物壳添加到两个样品中会增加导电性和内聚力，从而可以系统地检查这三个属性的相互作用。随着负施加电势的增加，颗粒床与液滴之间的分离距离（最初可从中提取颗粒的液滴）之间的距离会增加。发现两个芯粒子的初始提取距离相似，尽管施加的电压更大，但玻璃粒子的质量更大，在2.0 kV施加电势下约为1.5 mm。事实证明，这是颗粒密度，电导率和内聚力之间竞争性相互作用的结果。与玻璃相比，PS的导电性和粘合性更低。引入聚吡咯壳可将PS核颗粒的提取分离距离增加到大约4 mm，但对玻璃核颗粒的影响很小，这表明对于具有恒定电导率和内聚力的颗粒，降低密度有助于提取。利用颗粒床径向对称区域的测量值对每种颗粒类型的提取阈值力进行建模和量化，在初始提取阶段从中观察到颗粒。该测量结果突出表明，与PS相比，从玻璃中提取PS明显要容易得多，而从床中某个区域提取的颗粒则是PS情况下宽度的5倍。假设颗粒密度不是涂覆液滴稳定的决定因素；因此，在确定颗粒材料对这种静电方法的适用性时，必须考虑多种物理特性的相互作用。利用颗粒床径向对称区域的测量，在初始提取阶段从中观察到颗粒。该测量结果突出表明，与PS相比，从玻璃中提取PS明显要容易得多，而从床中某个区域提取的颗粒则是PS情况下宽度的5倍。假设颗粒密度不是涂层液滴稳定的决定因素；因此，在确定颗粒材料对这种静电方法的适用性时，必须考虑多种物理特性的相互作用。利用颗粒床径向对称区域的测量，在初始提取阶段从中观察到颗粒。该测量结果突出表明，与PS相比，从玻璃中提取PS明显要容易得多，而从床中某个区域提取的颗粒则是PS情况下宽度的5倍。假设颗粒密度不是涂覆液滴稳定的决定因素；因此，在确定颗粒材料对这种静电方法的适用性时，必须考虑多种物理特性的相互作用。假设颗粒密度不是涂层液滴稳定的决定因素；因此，在确定颗粒材料是否适合这种静电方法时，必须考虑多种物理性质的相互作用。假设颗粒密度不是涂层液滴稳定的决定因素；因此，在确定颗粒材料对这种静电方法的适用性时，必须考虑多种物理特性的相互作用。