Driven by digitization in society and industry, automating behavior in an autonomous way substantially alters industrial value chains in the smart service world. As processes are enhanced with sensor and actuator technology, they become digitally interconnected and merge into an Internet of Things (IoT) to form cyber-physical systems (CPS). Using these automated systems, enterprises can improve the performance and quality of their operations. However, currently it is neither feasible nor reasonable to equip any machine with full autonomy when networking with other machines or people. It is necessary to specify rules for machine behavior that also determine an adequate degree of autonomy to realize the potential benefits of the IoT. Yet, there is a lack of methodologies and guidelines to support the design and implementation of machines as explicit autonomous agents such that many designs only consider autonomy implicitly. To address this research gap, we perform a comprehensive literature review to extract 12 requirements for the design of autonomous agents in the IoT. We introduce a set of constitutive characteristics for agents and introduce a classification framework for interactions in multi-agent systems. We integrate our findings by developing a conceptual modeling language consisting of a meta model and a notation that facilitates the specification and design of autonomous agents within the IoT as well as CPS: the Autonomy Model and Notation. We illustrate and discuss the approach and its limitations.

中文翻译：

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在物联网中指定自治：自治模型和符号

在社会和行业数字化的推动下，以自主方式实现行为自动化极大地改变了智能服务领域的工业价值链。随着传感器和执行器技术的增强，它们变得数字互连并融合到物联网 (IoT) 中以形成网络物理系统 (CPS)。使用这些自动化系统，企业可以提高其运营的绩效和质量。但是，目前在与其他机器或人联网时为任何机器配备完全自主权既不可行也不合理。有必要为机器行为指定规则，同时确定足够的自主程度，以实现物联网的潜在好处。然而，缺乏支持将机器设计和实现为显式自主代理的方法和指南，因此许多设计仅隐含地考虑自主性。为了解决这一研究空白，我们进行了全面的文献综述，以提取物联网中自主代理设计的 12 项要求。我们为代理引入了一组本构特征，并为多代理系统中的交互引入了分类框架。我们通过开发由元模型和符号组成的概念建模语言来整合我们的发现，该语言有助于物联网以及 CPS 中自主代理的规范和设计：自治模型和符号。我们说明并讨论了该方法及其局限性。我们为代理引入了一组本构特征，并为多代理系统中的交互引入了分类框架。我们通过开发由元模型和符号组成的概念建模语言来整合我们的发现，该语言有助于物联网以及 CPS 中自主代理的规范和设计：自治模型和符号。我们说明并讨论了该方法及其局限性。我们为代理引入了一组本构特征，并为多代理系统中的交互引入了分类框架。我们通过开发由元模型和符号组成的概念建模语言来整合我们的发现，该语言有助于物联网以及 CPS 中自主代理的规范和设计：自治模型和符号。我们说明并讨论了该方法及其局限性。