Endemic circulation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa and Asia poses a continuous risk to countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania which are free from the disease. Introductions of the disease into a free region have dramatic economic impacts, especially if they are not detected at an early stage and controlled rapidly. However, farmers and veterinarians have an obvious disincentive to report clinical signs that are consistent with FMD, due to the severe consequences of raising an official suspicion, such as farm-level quarantine. One way that the risk of late detection can be mitigated is offering non-discriminatory exclusion testing schemes for differential diagnostics, wherein veterinarians can submit samples without the involvement of the competent authority and without sanctions or costs for the farmer. This review considers the benefits and limitations of this approach to improve the early detection of FMD in free countries and gives an overview of the FMD testing schemes currently in use in selected countries in Europe and the Americas as well as in Australia.

非洲和亚洲的口蹄疫（FMD）的地方流行对欧洲，北美和大洋洲没有这种疾病的国家构成了持续的风险。将该疾病引入一个自由地区会产生巨大的经济影响，尤其是如果不能在早期发现并迅速加以控制的话。但是，由于引起官方怀疑，例如农场一级的检疫，其后果严重，农民和兽医明显不利于报告符合口蹄疫的临床症状。可以降低延迟发现风险的一种方法是提供用于鉴别诊断的非歧视性排除测试方案，其中兽医可以在没有主管当局介入的情况下提交样品，也无需对农民采取任何制裁或任何费用。