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Thymol‐Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-19 , DOI: 10.1002/etc.4938 Iúri Barbosa Pereira 1 , Endrew Henrique de Sousa Carvalho 1 , Laís de Brito Rodrigues 1 , Bruno Dufau Mattos 2, 3 , Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães 3 , Daniela Morais Leme 4, 5 , Anna Paula Krawczyk-Santos 6 , Stephânia Fleury Taveira 6 , Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira 1, 5
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-19 , DOI: 10.1002/etc.4938 Iúri Barbosa Pereira 1 , Endrew Henrique de Sousa Carvalho 1 , Laís de Brito Rodrigues 1 , Bruno Dufau Mattos 2, 3 , Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães 3 , Daniela Morais Leme 4, 5 , Anna Paula Krawczyk-Santos 6 , Stephânia Fleury Taveira 6 , Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira 1, 5
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Thymol, a monoterpene phenol, is used as a natural biocide. To circumvent its chemical instability, we propose use of thymol‐loaded biogenic silica nanoparticles (BSiO2#THY NPs); however, the toxicity of this system for aquatic organisms is unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicogenetic effects induced by thymol, BSiO2 NP, and BSiO2#THY on Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. We also investigated the impact of BSiO2 aggregation in different exposure media (saline and freshwater). Based on the median lethal concentration at 48 h (LC5048h), BSiO2#THY (LC5048h = 1.06 mg/L) presented similar toxic potential as thymol (LC5048h = 1.03 mg/L) for A. salina, showing that BSiO2 had no influence on BSiO2#THY toxicity. Because BSiO2 aggregated and sedimented faster in A. salina aqueous medium than in the other medium, this NP had lower interaction with this microcrustacean. Thus, BSiO2#THY toxicity for A. salina is probably due to the intrinsic toxicity of thymol. For zebrafish early life stages, BSiO2#THY (LC5096h = 13.13 mg/L) was more toxic than free thymol (LC5096h = 25.60 mg/L); however, BSiO2 NP has no toxicity for zebrafish early life stages. The lower aggregation of BSiO2 in the freshwater medium compared to the saline medium may have enhanced thymol's availability for this aquatic organism. Also, BSiO2#THY significantly induced sublethal effects as thymol, and both were genotoxic for zebrafish. In conclusion, although BSiO2#THY still needs improvements to ensure its safety for freshwater ecosystems, BSiO2 NP seems to be a safe nanocarrier for agriculture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:333–341. © 2020 SETAC
中文翻译：
水生环境中负载百里酚的生物二氧化硅纳米颗粒：颗粒聚集对生态毒性的影响
百里酚，一种单萜酚，被用作天然杀生物剂。为了避免其化学不稳定性，我们建议使用负载百里酚的生物二氧化硅纳米粒子（BSiO 2 #THY NPs）；然而，该系统对水生生物的毒性尚不清楚。因此，本研究旨在评估百里酚、BSiO 2 NP 和 BSiO 2 #THY 对卤虫和斑马鱼 ( Danio rerio ) 早期生命阶段的毒理学影响。我们还研究了 BSiO 2聚集在不同暴露介质（盐水和淡水）中的影响。基于 48 小时的中位致死浓度 (LC50 48h )，BSiO 2 #THY (LC50 48h = 1.06 mg/L) 对A. salina具有与百里酚 (LC50 48h = 1.03 mg/L)相似的潜在毒性，表明 BSiO 2对 BSiO 2 #THY 毒性没有影响。由于 BSiO 2在A. salina水介质中的聚集和沉降比在其他介质中更快，因此该 NP 与这种微甲壳动物的相互作用较低。因此，BSiO 2 #THY 对A. salina 的毒性可能是由于百里酚的内在毒性。对于斑马鱼的早期生命阶段，BSiO 2 #THY (LC50 96h = 13.13 mg/L) 比游离百里酚 (LC50 96h = 25.60 mg/L)毒性更大；然而，BSiO 2NP 对斑马鱼的早期生命阶段没有毒性。与盐水介质相比，淡水介质中 BSiO 2 的聚集较低可能增强了百里酚对这种水生生物的可用性。此外，BSiO 2 #THY 作为百里酚显着诱导亚致死效应，并且两者都对斑马鱼具有遗传毒性。总之，尽管 BSiO 2 #THY 仍需要改进以确保其对淡水生态系统的安全，但 BSiO 2 NP 似乎是一种安全的农业纳米载体。环境毒理学化学2021；40：333-341。© 2020 SETAC
更新日期：2021-01-25
中文翻译：
水生环境中负载百里酚的生物二氧化硅纳米颗粒：颗粒聚集对生态毒性的影响
百里酚，一种单萜酚，被用作天然杀生物剂。为了避免其化学不稳定性，我们建议使用负载百里酚的生物二氧化硅纳米粒子（BSiO 2 #THY NPs）；然而，该系统对水生生物的毒性尚不清楚。因此，本研究旨在评估百里酚、BSiO 2 NP 和 BSiO 2 #THY 对卤虫和斑马鱼 ( Danio rerio ) 早期生命阶段的毒理学影响。我们还研究了 BSiO 2聚集在不同暴露介质（盐水和淡水）中的影响。基于 48 小时的中位致死浓度 (LC50 48h )，BSiO 2 #THY (LC50 48h = 1.06 mg/L) 对A. salina具有与百里酚 (LC50 48h = 1.03 mg/L)相似的潜在毒性，表明 BSiO 2对 BSiO 2 #THY 毒性没有影响。由于 BSiO 2在A. salina水介质中的聚集和沉降比在其他介质中更快，因此该 NP 与这种微甲壳动物的相互作用较低。因此，BSiO 2 #THY 对A. salina 的毒性可能是由于百里酚的内在毒性。对于斑马鱼的早期生命阶段，BSiO 2 #THY (LC50 96h = 13.13 mg/L) 比游离百里酚 (LC50 96h = 25.60 mg/L)毒性更大；然而，BSiO 2NP 对斑马鱼的早期生命阶段没有毒性。与盐水介质相比，淡水介质中 BSiO 2 的聚集较低可能增强了百里酚对这种水生生物的可用性。此外，BSiO 2 #THY 作为百里酚显着诱导亚致死效应，并且两者都对斑马鱼具有遗传毒性。总之，尽管 BSiO 2 #THY 仍需要改进以确保其对淡水生态系统的安全，但 BSiO 2 NP 似乎是一种安全的农业纳米载体。环境毒理学化学2021；40：333-341。© 2020 SETAC
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