We report findings from two studies investigating possible relations of prenatal androgen exposure to a broad measure of children's gender-typed behavior, as well as specifically to children's toy and playmate preferences. Study 1 investigated these outcomes for 43 girls and 38 boys, aged 4 to 11 years, with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, a genetic condition causing increased adrenal androgen production beginning prenatally) compared to similarly-aged, unaffected relatives (41 girls, 31 boys). The predicted sex differences were found for all of the outcome measures. Furthermore, girls with CAH showed increased male-typical and decreased female-typical behavior and toy and playmate preferences compared to unaffected girls. Study 2 investigated the relationship of amniotic fluid testosterone to gender-typed behavior and toy and playmate preferences in typically developing children (48 girls, 44 boys) aged 3 to 5 years. Although the predicted sex differences were found for all of the outcome measures, amniotic fluid testosterone was not a significant correlate, in the predicted direction, of any outcome measure for either sex. The results of study 1 provide additional support for an influence of prenatal androgen exposure on children's gender-typed behavior, including toy and playmate preferences. The results of study 2 do not, but amniotic fluid testosterone may be an insufficiently sensitive measure of early androgen exposure. A more sensitive and reliable measure of prenatal androgen exposure may be needed to consistently detect relations to later gender typed behavior in non-clinical populations.

我们报告了两项研究的结果，调查了产前雄激素暴露与儿童性别行为的广泛衡量标准之间的可能关系，特别是与儿童对玩具和玩伴的偏好之间的关系。研究 1 调查了 43 名 4 至 11 岁患有先天性肾上腺增生症（CAH，一种导致产前肾上腺雄激素分泌增加的遗传性疾病）的女孩和 38 名男孩的结果，并与年龄相仿、未受影响的亲属（41 名女孩、31 名男孩）进行了比较）。所有结果指标均发现了预测的性别差异。此外，与未受影响的女孩相比，患有 CAH 的女孩表现出男性典型行为以及玩具和玩伴偏好的增加和女性典型行为的减少。研究 2 调查了 3 至 5 岁正常发育儿童（48 名女孩，44 名男孩）中羊水睾酮与性别行为以及玩具和玩伴偏好的关系。尽管所有结果测量都发现了预测的性别差异，但羊水睾酮在预测方向上与任何性别的任何结果测量都没有显着相关性。研究1的结果为产前雄激素暴露对儿童性别行为（包括玩具和玩伴偏好）的影响提供了额外的支持。研究 2 的结果并非如此，但羊水睾酮可能是早期雄激素暴露的敏感度不够的指标。可能需要对产前雄激素暴露进行更灵敏和更可靠的测量，以一致地检测与非临床人群中后来的性别类型行为的关系。